Introduction to Sociology Seagull 12th Edition by Anthony Giddens, ISBN-13: 978-0393538021

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Introduction to Sociology Seagull 12th Edition by Anthony Giddens, ISBN-13: 978-0393538021

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ W. W. Norton & Company; Seagull Twelfth edition (July 1, 2021)
• Language: ‎ English
• ‎984 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0393538028
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0393538021

Everything students need to understand and navigate our changing social world.

Table of Contents:

PREFACE xvi

Part I: The Study of Sociology 1

1 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 3

Basic Concepts 7

Social Construction 7 • Social Order 8 • Agency and Structure 10 • Social Change 11

The Development of Sociological Thinking 12

Theories and Theoretical Approaches 12 • Neglected Founders 15 • Understanding the

Modern World: The Sociological Debate 18

Modern Theoretical Approaches 19

Symbolic Interactionism 19 • Functionalism 20 • Conflict Theories 21 • Rational Choice

Theory 23 • Postmodern Theory 23 • Theoretical Thinking in Sociology 24

How Can Sociology Help Us? 26

2 ASKING AND ANSWERING SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS 31

Basic Concepts 33

The Research Process 34

Asking and Answering Sociological Questions: Historical Context 37

Asking and Answering Sociological Questions Today: Research Methods 38

Ethnography 38 • Surveys 40 • Experiments 43 • Comparative Historical Research 46

Unanswered Questions 50

Can Sociology Identify Causes and Effects? 50 • How Can Social Research Avoid

Exploitation? 50 • Can We Really Study Human Social Life in a Scientific Way? 50

Part II: The Individual and Society 55

3 CULTURE AND SOCIETY 57

Basic Concepts 60

Cultural Universals 61 • Nonmaterial Culture 62 • Material Culture 66

The Sociological Study of Culture 66

Culture and Change: A “Cultural Turn” in Sociology? 67 • Early Human Culture: Greater

Adaptation to Physical Environment 68 • Industrial Societies 72

Research Today: Understanding the Modern World 74

The Global South 75 • Contemporary Industrial Societies: Cultural Conformity or Diversity?

77

Unanswered Questions 84

Does Nature or Nurture More Powerfully Influence Human Behavior? 84 • Does the

Internet Promote a Global Culture? 87 • Does Globalization Weaken or Strengthen Local

Cultures? 89 • How Easily Do Cultures Change? 90

4 SOCIALIZATION AND THE LIFE COURSE 97

Basic Concepts 100

Agents of Socialization 100 • Social Roles 107 • Identity 108 • Socialization through the

Life Course 110

Theories of Socialization 114

G. H. Mead and the Development of Self 115 • Charles Horton Cooley and the Looking-

Glass Self 115 • Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development 116 • Sigmund

Freud’s Theory of Gender Identity 118 • Nancy Chodorow’s Theory of Gender Identity 118

• Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development 120

Research on Socialization Today: Race Socialization 120

Race Socialization 121

Unanswered Questions 124

Are Gender Differences Caused by Social Influences? 124 • How Do Children Learn to

Bully? Can They Unlearn? 127

5 SOCIAL INTERACTION AND EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE AGE OF THE INTERNET 133

Basic Concepts 135

Impression Management: The World as a Stage 135 • Audience Segregation 138 • Civil

Inattention 139 • Nonverbal Communication 139 • Response Cries 142 • Focused and

Unfocused Interaction 143 • Interaction in Time and Space 144

Theories of Social Interaction 146

Erving Goffman 146 • Edward T. Hall—Personal Space 147 • Harold Garfinkel:

Ethnomethodology 148

Contemporary Research on Social Interaction 150

Interactional Vandalism 150 • Interaction on the “Digital Street” 154 • The Macro-Micro

Link: Anderson’s Streetwise154

Unanswered Questions 157

How Do We Manage Impressions in the Internet Age? 157 • What Happens When Dating

Moves Online? 158 • To What Extent Can Electronic Communication Substitute for Face-to-

Face Communication? 160

6 NETWORKS, GROUPS, AND ORGANIZATIONS 165

Basic Concepts 168

Networks 168 • Groups 169 • Conformity 171 • Organizations 173

Theories of Networks, Groups, and Organizations 175

In-Groups and Out-Groups 175 • Reference Groups 175 • The Effects of Size 176 •

Theories of Organizations 178

Contemporary Research on Groups 184

The “McDonaldization” of Society? 184 • Personal Taste 185 • Obesity 186

Unanswered Questions 188

Is Democracy Meaningless in the Face of Increasingly Powerful Bureaucratic

Organizations? 188 • How Are Late-Modern Organizations Reinventing Themselves? 189 •

Can the Traditional Organization Survive? 192

7 CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND CRIME 197

Basic Concepts 199

What Is Deviance? 200 • Norms and Sanctions 201

Society and Crime: Sociological Theories 202

Functionalist Theories 202 • Interactionist Theories 205 • Conflict Theory 207 • Control

Theory 208 • Theoretical Conclusions 211

Research on Crime and Deviance Today 212

Race and the Criminal Justice System 212 • Mass Incarceration 213 • The Death Penalty

214 • Security and Terrorism 216 • Reporting on Crime and Crime Statistics 217 • Victims

and Perpetrators of Crime 219

Unanswered Questions 226

Why Have Crime Rates Gone Down? 226 • Can We Reduce Crime through New Policing

Techniques? 227 • Will New Surveillance Technologies Eliminate Deviance? 229 • Can We

Prevent Crime by Building Stronger Communities? 231

Part III: Structures of Power 237

8 STRATIFICATION, CLASS, AND INEQUALITY 239

Basic Concepts 242

Systems of Stratification 242

Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies 250

Marx: Capitalism and the Analysis of Class 250 • Weber: Class and Status 251 • Davis and

Moore: The Functions of Stratification 252 • Erik Olin Wright: Contradictory Class

Locations 253

Research On Social Stratification Today 255

A Contemporary Portrait of the U.S. Class Structure 255 • Social Mobility: Moving Up and

Down the Ladder 260 • Poverty in the United States 265

Unanswered Questions 273

Is Inequality Declining or Increasing in the United States? 273 • Why Are Poverty Rates

Rising in the United States? The Sociological Debate 276 • What Can Be Done to Combat

Poverty? 278 • How Will These Economic Patterns Affect Your Life? 280

9 GLOBAL INEQUALITY 285

Basic Concepts 289

High-Income Countries 289 • Middle-Income Countries 292 • Low-Income Countries 292 •

Is Global Economic Well-Being Improving? 293 • Going Beyond Purely Economic Measures

of Global Well-Being 293

Theories Of Global Inequality 296

Neoliberal Theories 296 • Dependency Theories 297 • World-Systems Theory 300 • The

Theory of Global Capitalism 302 • Evaluating Theories of Global Inequality 303

Research On Global Inequality Today 305

Health 306 • Hunger and Malnutrition 308 • Education and Literacy 312

Unanswered Questions 312

What Are the Causes of Inequality in the World Today? 312 • Is Global Poverty Increasing

or Decreasing? 313 • What about Inequality within Countries? 315 • What Does Rapid

Globalization Mean for the Future of Global Inequality? 317

10 GENDER INEQUALITY 323

Basic Concepts 328

Understanding Sex Differences: The Role of Biology 329 • Gender Socialization: How

Gender Differences Are Learned 331 • The Social Construction of Gender: How We Learn

to “Do Gender” 334 • Social Construction of Gender in Other Cultures 335

Sociological Theories of Gender Inequalities 338

Functionalist Approaches 338 • Feminist Theories 340

Research on Gender Today: Documenting and Understanding Gender Inequalities

345

Gendered Inequalities in Education: Unequal Treatment in the Classroom 346 • Gendered

Inequalities in the Workplace 349 • Gendered Inequalities in Families: Division of

Household Labor 358 • Gender Inequality in Politics 360

Unanswered Questions: Why Do Gender Inequalities Persist? 362

The Gender Pay Gap: Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? 362 • How Does Gender

Inequality Affect Men? 365 • Why Are Women So Often the Targets of Violence? 367

11 RACE, ETHNICITY, AND RACISM 375

Basic Concepts 378

Race 378 • Ethnicity 379

Thinking About Racism 381

Defining Racism 381 • Racism in the United States Today 382

Race and Racism in Historical and Comparative Perspective 389

The Rise of Racism 391 • Blacks in the United States 392 • Hispanics and Latinos in the

United States 394 • Asian Americans 397 • Models of Ethnic Integration 397 • Global

Migration 398

Unanswered Questions 402

Do New Immigrants Help or Hinder the Nation’s Economy? 402 • Has Real Progress Been

Made Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s? 404 • How Can Ethnic Conflict Be

Reduced? 411

12 AGING 417

Basic Concepts 420

The Graying of Society 420 • How Do People Age? 422

Growing Old: Theories of Aging 426

The First Generation of Theories: Functionalism 426 • The Second Generation of Theories:

Social Conflict 428 • The Third Generation of Theories: Life Course 429

Research on Aging in the United States Today 431

Who Are America’s Older Adults? 431 • Poverty 432 • Social Isolation 435 • Prejudice 437

• Elder Abuse 439 • Health Problems 440 • Lifelong Learning 442

Unanswered Questions: The Political and Economic Impact of Population Aging

443

Do Older Americans Get an Unfair Amount of Government Support? 443 • Can Medicare

and Social Security Survive the “Graying” of America? 444 • How Will Nations of the World

Cope with Global Aging? 446

13 GOVERNMENT, POLITICAL POWER, AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 453

Basic Concepts 455

Democracy 455 • The Concept of the State 457

Who Rules? Theories of Democracy 462

Democratic Elitism 462 • Pluralist Theories 463 • The Power Elite 464

Recent Research on U.S. Politics and Social Movements 468

Democracy in the United States 468 • The Political Participation of Women 475 • Political

Participation in the United States 478 • Political and Social Change through Social

Movements 479 • The Nation-State, National Identity, and Globalization 494

Unanswered Questions 495

Why Is Voter Turnout So Low in the United States? 495 • Did the Internet Shape the

Outcome of the 2016 Presidential Election? 497 • Is Democracy in Trouble? 499

Part IV: Social Institutions 505

14 WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE 507

Basic Concepts 510

Theories of Work and Economic Life 514

Types of Capitalism 514 • Fordism and Scientific Management (Taylorism) 517 • Post-

Fordism 520 • The Informal Economy 525

Current Research on Work and Economic Life 528

Corporations and Corporate Power 528 • Workers and Their Challenges 535

Unanswered Questions 548

Will Automation Make Things Better or Worse for Workers? 549 • What Will the Economy

of the Future Look Like? 553 • How Permanent Is Your Job Likely to Be? 555

15 FAMILIES AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS 561

Basic Concepts 565

Theoretical and Historical Perspectives on Families 567

Sociological Theories of Families 568 • Historical Perspectives on Families 574

Research on Families Today 575

Changes in Family Patterns Worldwide 576 • Dating and Courtship 577 • Family Formation

and Dissolution Trends in the Contemporary United States 579 • The Bleak Side of Families

601

Contemporary Questions 603

Is Cohabitation a Substitute for Marriage? 603 • Do Children Raised by Same-Sex Parents

Fare Differently than Children Raised by Opposite-Sex Parents? 606 • Are Single People

Less Happy than Married People? 608

16 EDUCATION 613

Basic Concepts 615

Achievement Gap: Components, Patterns, and Explanations 616 • Cognitive and

Noncognitive Resources 617

Sociological Theories of Education 618

Assimilation 618 • Credentialism 618 • Hidden Curriculum 619 • Pierre Bourdieu and

Cultural Capital 621

Research on Education Today 623

Macrosocial Influences on Student Outcomes: Do Schools and Neighborhoods Matter? 623

• Cultural and Social-Psychological Influences on Student Outcomes 629 • Public Policy

Influences on Student Outcomes 631 • Global Perspectives: Education and Literacy in the

Developing World 636 • The Impact of the Media and Educational Technology on Everyday

Life 637

Unanswered Questions 641

Is Intelligence Shaped by Genes or Environment? 641 • Is Homeschooling a Substitute for

Traditional Schooling? 644 • Who Benefits from “International Education”? 645

17 RELIGION IN MODERN SOCIETY 651

Basic Concepts 655

How Sociologists Think about Religion 656 • What Do Sociologists of Religion Study? 657 •

Types of Religious Organizations 658

Sociological Theories of Religion 661

The Classical View 661 • Contemporary Approaches: Religious Economy 664 •

Secularization: The Sociological Debate 666

The Sociology of Religion: Current Research 668

World Religions 669 • Religion in the United States 674 • New Religious Movements 678 •

Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status 683 • Gender and Religion 684 • The Global

Rise of Religious Nationalism 687

Unanswered Questions 694

Is America Experiencing Secularization or Religious Revival? 694 • How Resurgent Is

Evangelicalism? 695 • Is Religious Violence on the Rise? 697

Part V: Social Change in the Modern World 703

18 THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE BODY: HEALTH, ILLNESS, AND SEXUALITY 705

Basic Concepts 711

Changing Conceptions of Health, Illness, and Medicine 711 • Diverse Conceptions of

Human Sexuality 714

Theories and Historical Approaches to Understanding Health, Illness, and

Sexuality 717

Colonialism and the Spread of Disease 717 • Sociological Theories of Health and Illness

718 • History of Sexuality in Western Culture 724

Research on Health, Illness, and Sexuality Today 727

Social Patterning of Health and Illness in the United States 728 • Global Health

Inequalities 737 • Contemporary Research on Sexual Behavior Over the Life Course 740 •

Reproduction in the Twenty-First Century: Pushing the Limits of Technology 746

Unanswered Questions 748

Does Income Inequality Threaten Health? 749 • Is Alternative Medicine as Effective as

“Mainstream” Medicine? 750 • Are Eating Disorders Primarily a “Women’s” Problem? 753

• Is Sexual Orientation Inborn or Learned? 755

19 POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT 761

Basic Concepts 763

Population Analysis: Demography 763 • Dynamics of Population Change 766

Urban Sociology: Some Influential Theories 770

The Chicago School 770 • Jane Jacobs: “Eyes and Ears Upon the Street” 773 • Urbanism

and the Created Environment 774 • Saskia Sassen: Global Cities 776

Population Growth, Urbanization, and Environmental Challenges: Recent Research

778

A Brief History of Urbanization 779 • Urbanization in the United States 781 • Explosive

Urbanization in the Global South 789 • The Environment: A Sociological Issue 790 •

Addressing Climate Change—What is Being Done? 802

Unanswered Questions 808

Will Global Population Growth Outstrip Resources? 808 • Sustainable Development, or

Adaptation to the Inevitable? 812

20 GLOBALIZATION IN A CHANGING WORLD 817

Basic Concepts 819

Social Change 820

Current Theories: Is Globalization Today Something New—Or Have We Seen It All

Before? 826

The Skeptics 826 • The Hyperglobalizers 827 • The Transformationalists 828 • Whose View

Is Most Nearly Correct? 829

Recent Research on Globalization and Social Change 830

Factors Contributing to Globalization 830 • The Effect of Globalization on Our Lives 836 •

Globalization and Risk 839 • Globalization and Inequality 842

Unanswered Questions 848

What Comes after Modern Industrial Society? 848 • Is There a Need for Global

Governance? 851

GLOSSARY A1

BIBLIOGRAPHY A20

CREDITS A76

INDEX A79

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