Optics 5th Edition by Eugene Hecht, ISBN-13: 978-0133977226

Description

Optics 5th Edition by Eugene Hecht, ISBN-13: 978-0133977226

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• Publisher: ‎ Pearson; 5th edition (December 23, 2015)
• Language: ‎ English
• 720 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0133977226
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0133977226

A Contemporary Approach to Optics with Practical Applications and New Focused Pedagogy.

Table of Contents:

Preface

Contents

1 A Brief History

1.1 Prolegomenon

1.2 In the Beginning

1.3 From the Seventeenth Century

1.4 The Nineteenth Century

1.5 Twentieth-Century Optics

2 Wave Motion

2.1 One-Dimensional Waves

2.1.1 The Differential Wave Equation

Solution

Solution

2.2 Harmonic Waves

Solution

Solution

2.3 Phase and Phase Velocity

Solution

2.4 The Superposition Principle

2.5 The Complex Representation

2.6 Phasors and the Addition of Waves

2.7 Plane Waves

Solution

Solution

2.8 The Three-Dimensional Differential Wave Equation

2.9 Spherical Waves

2.10 Cylindrical Waves

2.11 Twisted Light

Problems

3 Electromagnetic Theory, Photons, and Light

3.1 Basic Laws of Electromagnetic Theory

3.1.1 Faraday’s Induction Law

3.1.2 Gauss’s Law—Electric

Electric Permittivity

3.1.3 Gauss’s Law—Magnetic

3.1.4 Ampère’s Circuital Law

3.1.5 Maxwell’s Equations

3.2 Electromagnetic Waves

3.2.1 Transverse Waves

Solution

3.3 Energy and Momentum

3.3.1 The Poynting Vector

Averaging Harmonic Functions

3.3.2 Irradiance

Solution

Solution

The Inverse Square Law

3.3.3 Photons

The Failure of Classical Theory

A Barrage of Photons

Photon Counting

Squeezed Light

3.3.4 Radiation Pressure and Momentum

Solution

3.4 Radiation

3.4.1 Linearly Accelerating Charges

3.4.2 Synchrotron Radiation

3.4.3 Electric Dipole Radiation

3.4.4 The Emission of Light from Atoms

Optical Cooling

3.5 Light in Bulk Matter

Solution

3.5.1 Dispersion

Negative Refraction

3.6 The Electromagnetic-Photon Spectrum

3.6.1 Radiofrequency Waves

3.6.2 Microwaves

3.6.3 Infrared

3.6.4 Light

3.6.5 Ultraviolet

3.6.6 X-rays

3.6.7 Gamma Rays

3.7 Quantum Field Theory

Problems

4 The Propagation of Light

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Rayleigh Scattering

4.2.1 Scattering and Interference

Forward Propagation

4.2.2 The Transmission of Light Through Dense Media

4.2.3 Transmission and the Index of Refraction

4.3 Reflection

4.3.1 The Law of Reflection

Rays

4.4 Refraction

4.4.1 The Law of Refraction

Solution

Solution

Refraction of Light from a Point Source

Solution

Negative Refraction

4.4.2 Huygens’s Principle

Huygens’s Ray Construction

4.4.3 Light Rays and Normal Congruence

4.5 Fermat’s Principle

4.6 The Electromagnetic Approach

4.6.1 Waves at an Interface

4.6.2 The Fresnel Equations

Solution

4.6.3 Interpretation of the Fresnel Equations

Amplitude Coefficients

Phase Shifts

Reflectance and Transmittance

Solution

Solution

4.7 Total Internal Reflection

4.7.1 The Evanescent Wave

The Goos–Hänchen Shift

Frustrated Total Internal Reflection

4.8 Optical Properties of Metals

4.9 Familiar Aspects of the Interaction of Light and Matter

4.10 The Stokes Treatment of Reflection and Refraction

4.11 Photons, Waves, and Probability

4.11.1 QED

4.11.2 Photons and the Laws of Reflection and Refraction

Problems

5 Geometrical Optics

5.1 Introductory Remarks

5.2 Lenses

5.2.1 Aspherical Surfaces

Solution

5.2.2 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

Solution

5.2.3 Thin Lenses

Thin-Lens Equations

Focal Points and Planes

Finite Imagery

Solution

Solution

Longitudinal Magnification

Virtual Objects

Focal-Plane Ray Tracing

Thin-Lens Combinations

Solution

Back and Front Focal Lengths

QED and the Lens

5.3 Stops

5.3.1 Aperture and Field Stops

5.3.2 Entrance and Exit Pupils

Solution

Solution

5.3.3 Relative Aperture and f-Number

Solution

5.4 Mirrors

5.4.1 Planar Mirrors

Solution

Moving Mirrors

5.4.2 Aspherical Mirrors

5.4.3 Spherical Mirrors

The Paraxial Region

The Mirror Formula

Finite Imagery

Solution

5.5 Prisms

5.5.1 Dispersing Prisms

5.5.2 Reflecting Prisms

5.6 Fiberoptics

Solution

5.6.1 Fiberoptic Communications Technology

Solution

Solution

Holey / Microstructured Fibers

The Optical Switch

Capillary Optics

5.7 Optical Systems

5.7.1 Eyes

Structure of the Human Eye

Accommodation

5.7.2 Eyeglasses

Nearsightedness—Negative Lenses

Solution

Solution

Farsightedness—Positive Lenses

Solution

Astigmatism—Anamorphic Lenses

5.7.3 The Magnifying Glass

5.7.4 Eyepieces

5.7.5 The Compound Microscope

5.7.6 The Camera

5.7.7 The Telescope

Refracting Telescopes

Solution

Reflecting Telescopes

Aplanatic Reflectors

Catadioptric Telescopes

5.8 Wavefront Shaping

5.8.1 Adaptive Optics

5.8.2 Phase Conjugation

5.9 Gravitational Lensing

Problems

6 More on Geometrical Optics

6.1 Thick Lenses and Lens Systems

Solution

Solution

6.2 Analytical Ray Tracing

6.2.1 Matrix Methods

Matrix Analysis of Lenses

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Thin Lenses

Matrix Analysis of Mirrors

Flat Mirrors and the Planar Optical Cavity

6.3 Aberrations

6.3.1 Monochromatic Aberrations

Spherical Aberration

Coma

Astigmatism

Field Curvature

Distortion

6.3.2 Chromatic Aberrations

Thin Achromatic Doublets

Separated Achromatic Doublets

6.4 Grin Systems

6.5 Concluding Remarks

Problems

7 The Superposition of Waves

7.1 The Addition of Waves of the Same Frequency

7.1.1 The Algebraic Method

The Superposition of Many Waves

7.1.2 The Complex Method

7.1.3 Phasor Addition

7.1.4 Standing Waves

Solution

7.2 The Addition of Waves of Different Frequency

7.2.1 Beats

7.2.2 Group Velocity

Solution

Solution

Solution

7.3 Anharmonic Periodic Waves

7.3.1 Fourier series

Solution

7.4 Nonperiodic Waves

7.4.1 Fourier Integrals

7.4.2 Pulses and Wave Packets

The Cosine Wavetrain

Frequency Bandwidth

7.4.3 Coherence Length

Solution

7.4.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform

Fourier Analysis and Diffraction

Superluminal Light

Subluminal Light

Negative Phase Velocity

Problems

8 Polarization

8.1 The Nature of Polarized Light

8.1.1 Linear Polarization

Solution

Solution

8.1.2 Circular Polarization

8.1.3 Elliptical Polarization

8.1.4 Natural Light

8.1.5 Angular Momentum and the Photon Picture

8.2 Polarizers

8.2.1 Malus’s Law

Solution

8.3 Dichroism

8.3.1 The Wire-Grid Polarizer

8.3.2 Dichroic Crystals

8.3.3 Polaroid

Solution

8.4 Birefringence

8.4.1 Calcite

8.4.2 Birefringent Crystals

Wavefronts and Rays in Uniaxial Crystals

Solution

8.4.3 Birefringent Polarizers

8.5 Scattering and Polarization

8.5.1 Polarization by Scattering

8.6 Polarization by Reflection

8.6.1 An Application of the Fresnel Equations

Solution

8.7 Retarders

8.7.1 Wave Plates and Rhombs

Solution

The Full-Wave Plate

The Half-Wave Plate

The Quarter-Wave Plate

Solution

Retarders (Wave Plates)—Some General Considerations

Solution

The Fresnel Rhomb

8.7.2 Compensators and Variable Retarders

8.8 Circular Polarizers

8.9 Polarization of Polychromatic Light

8.9.1 Bandwidth and Coherence Time of a Polychromatic Wave

8.9.2 Interference Colors

8.10 Optical Activity

8.10.1 A Useful Model

8.10.2 Optically Active Biological Substances

8.11 Induced Optical Effects—Optical Modulators

8.11.1 Photoelasticity

8.11.2 The Faraday Effect

8.11.3 The Kerr and Pockels Effects

8.12 Liquid Crystals

8.13 A Mathematical Description of Polarization

8.13.1 The Stokes Parameters

8.13.2 The Jones Vectors

8.13.3 The Jones and Mueller Matrices

Problems

9 Interference

9.1 General Considerations

9.1.1 Near Field / Far Field

9.2 Conditions for Interference

9.2.1 Temporal and Spatial Coherence

9.2.2 The Fresnel–Arago Laws

9.3 Wavefront-Splitting Interferometers

9.3.1 Young’s Experiment

Solution

Electric-Field Amplitude via Phasors

Manifestations of Diffraction

The Effects of Finite Coherence Length

The Fourier Perspective

Particle Interference

Several Other Interferometers

The Fresnel Double Mirror

Solution

The Fresnel Double Prism

Lloyd’s Mirror

Solution

Establishing The Wave Theory of Light

9.4 Amplitude-Splitting Interferometers

9.4.1 Dielectric Films—Double-Beam Interference

Fringes of Equal Inclination

Solution

Solution

Fringes of Equal Thickness

Solution

Solution

A Single-Layer Antireflection Coating

Solution

9.4.2 Mirrored Interferometers

The Michelson Interferometer

Solution

Atomic Interferometers

Measuring Coherence Length

The Mach–Zehnder Interferometer

Sagnac Interferometer

Real Fringes

9.5 Types and Localization of Interference Fringes

9.6 Multiple-Beam Interference

9.6.1 The Fabry–Perot Interferometer

Fabry–Perot Spectroscopy

9.7 Applications of Single and Multilayer Films

9.7.1 Mathematical Treatment

9.7.2 Antireflection Coatings

9.7.3 Multilayer Periodic Systems

9.8 Applications of Interferometry

9.8.1 Scattered-Light Interference

9.8.2 The Twyman–Green Interferometer

9.8.3 The Rotating Sagnac Interferometer

9.8.4 Radar Interferometry

Problems

10 Diffraction

10.1 Preliminary Considerations

10.1.1 Opaque Obstructions

10.1.2 Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction

10.1.3 Several Coherent Oscillators

10.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction

10.2.1 The Single Slit

Phasors and the Electric-Field Amplitude

Single-Slit Irradiance

Solution

10.2.2 The Double Slit

Solution

10.2.3 Diffraction by Many Slits

The Irradiance from Several Slits

Solution

Solution

10.2.4 The Rectangular Aperture

Solution

10.2.5 The Circular Aperture

Solution

10.2.6 Resolution of Imaging Systems

Solution

10.2.7 The Zeroth-Order Bessel Beam

10.2.8 The Diffraction Grating

Solution

Grating Spectroscopy

Solution

Two- and Three-Dimensional Gratings

10.3 Fresnel Diffraction

10.3.1 The Free Propagation of a Spherical Wave

10.3.2 The Vibration Curve

10.3.3 Circular Apertures

Spherical Waves

Plane Waves

Solution

10.3.4 Circular Obstacles

10.3.5 The Fresnel Zone Plate

Solution

10.3.6 Fresnel Integrals and the Rectangular Aperture

Solution

10.3.7 The Cornu Spiral

10.3.8 Fresnel Diffraction by a Slit

Solution

10.3.9 The Semi-Infinite Opaque Screen

10.3.10 Diffraction by a Narrow Obstacle

Solution

10.3.11 Babinet’s Principle

10.4 Kirchhoff’s Scalar Diffraction Theory

10.5 Boundary Diffraction Waves

Problems

11 Fourier Optics

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fourier Transforms

11.2.1 One-Dimensional Transforms

Solution

Transform of the Gaussian Function

11.2.2 Two-Dimensional Transforms

Transform of the Cylinder Function

The Lens as a Fourier Transformer

11.2.3 The Dirac Delta Function

Displacements and Phase Shifts

Sines and Cosines

11.3 Optical Applications

11.3.1 Two-Dimensional Images

11.3.2 Linear Systems

11.3.3 The Convolution Integral

Solution

The Convolution Theorem

Transform of the Gaussian Wave Packet

11.3.4 Fourier Methods in Diffraction Theory

Fraunhofer Diffraction

The Single Slit

Young’s Experiment: The Double Slit

Three Slits

Apodization

The Array Theorem

11.3.5 Spectra and Correlation

Parseval’s Formula

The Lorentzian Profile

Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation

Solution

Solution

Solution

11.3.6 Transfer Functions

An Introduction to the Concepts

A More Formal Discussion

Problems

12 Basics of Coherence Theory

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Fringes and Coherence

Solution

12.2.1 Diffraction and the Vanishing Fringes

12.3 Visibility

Solution

12.4 The Mutual Coherence Function and the Degree of Coherence

12.4.1 Temporal and Spatial Coherence

12.5 Coherence and Stellar Interferometry

12.5.1 The Michelson Stellar Interferometer

Modern Astronomical Interferometry

12.5.2 Correlation Interferometry

Problems

13 Modern Optics: Lasers and Other Topics

13.1 Lasers and Laserlight

13.1.1 Radiant Energy and Matter in Equilibrium

Stefan–Boltzmann Law

Wien Displacement Law

Planck Radiation Law

Solution

13.1.2 Stimulated Emission

Population of Energy Levels

The Einstein A and B Coefficients

Solution

Solution

Solution

13.1.3 The Laser

Solution

Solution

A Survey of Laser Developments

Solution

Gas Lasers

Semiconductor Lasers

Liquid Lasers

Chemical Lasers

13.1.4 The Light Fantastic

Femtosecond Optical Pulses

The Speckle Effect

The Spontaneous Raman Effect

The Stimulated Raman Effect

13.2 Imagery—The Spatial Distribution of Optical Information

13.2.1 Spatial Frequencies

13.2.2 Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation

13.2.3 Spatial Filtering

13.2.4 Phase Contrast

13.2.5 The Dark-Ground and Schlieren Methods

13.3 Holography

13.3.1 Methods

13.3.2 Developments and Applications

Volume Holograms

Optoelectronic Image Reconstruction

Holographic Interferometry

Acoustical Holography

Holographic Optical Elements

13.4 Nonlinear Optics

13.4.1 Optical Rectification

13.4.2 Harmonic Generation

13.4.3 Frequency Mixing

13.4.4 Self-Focusing of Light

Problems

Appendix 1 Electromagnetic Theory

Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form

Electromagnetic Waves

Appendix 2 The Kirchhoff Diffraction Theory

Solutions to Selected Problems

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Bibliography

Index

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