Criminology: A Sociological Understanding 7th Edition by Steven E. Barkan, ISBN-13: 978-0134548609

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Criminology: A Sociological Understanding 7th Edition by Steven E. Barkan, ISBN-13: 978-0134548609

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• Publisher: ‎ Pearson; 7th edition (January 12, 2017)
• Language: ‎ English
• 448 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0134548604
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0134548609

A unique sociological introduction to the field of criminology with award-winning coverage that highlights issues of race, ethnicity, gender, and social class Criminology: A Sociological Understanding, 7th Edition, provides a sociological perspective on crime and criminal justice by treating social structure and social inequality as central themes in the study of crime–and major factors in society’s treatment of criminals. It pays explicit attention to key sociological concepts such as poverty, gender, race, and ethnicity, and demonstrates their influence on crime. Moving beyond simple “get tough” approaches, the book emphasizes the need to understand social causes of criminal behavior in order to significantly reduce it. The 7th Edition continues to include chapters that remain uncommon in other criminology texts, and addresses two central themes in the sociological understanding of crime and criminal justice: (1) the degree to which race and ethnicity, gender, and social class affect the operation of the criminal justice system; and (2) the extent to which reliance on the criminal justice system can reduce the amount of crime. Throughout the text, pedagogical features give students the tools to master key concepts faster and more effectively while making class preparation quick and easy for instructors.

Table of Contents:

Dedication

Brief Contents

Contents

New to this Edition

Preface

Instructor Supplements

Pearson Online Course Solutions

Alternate Versions

About the Author

Timeline of Major Criminological Theories

Part 1 Understanding Crime and Victimization

1 Criminology and the Sociological Perspective

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

The Sociological Perspective

Review and Discuss

The Mutual Relevance of Sociology and Criminology

Intersectionality

Review and Discuss

The Rise of Sociological Criminology

Crime, Deviance, and Criminal Law

Consensus and Conflict in the Creation of Criminal Law

Goals of Criminal Law

An Overview of Criminal Law

Legal Distinctions in Types of Crime

Criminal Intent

Legal Defenses to Criminal Liability

Accident or Mistake

Ignorance

Duress

Self-Defense

Entrapment

Insanity

Review and Discuss

Research Methods in Criminology

Surveys

Review and Discuss

Experiments

Qualitative Research: Observing and Intensive Interviewing

Research Using Existing Data

Comparative and Historical Research

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

2 Public Opinion, the News Media, and the Crime Problem

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

A Brief Look Back

Public Opinion and Crime Policy

Review and Discuss

News Media Coverage of Crime and Criminal Justice

Overdramatization of Crime

Crime Waves

Overreporting of Crime (Violent)

Review and Discuss

Crime Myths

Racial and Ethnic Minorities

Youths

Virtuous Victims

Review and Discuss

Other Problems in Media Coverage

Effects of Media Coverage

Public Ignorance

Public Fear and Concern

Obscuring Underlying Forces

Diversion from White-Collar Crime

Racial and Ethnic Stereotyping

Review and Discuss

Research on Public Beliefs about Crime and Criminal Justice

Fear of Crime

Structural Factors

Individual Characteristics

Consequences of Fear

Review and Discuss

Seriousness of Crime

Punitiveness

The Death Penalty

Review and Discuss

Views about the Police

Perceptions of Criminal Injustice

Views about Criminal Justice Spending

A Final Word on Public Beliefs

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

3 The Measurement and Patterning of Criminal Behavior

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Measuring Crime

Uniform Crime Reports

How a Crime Becomes Official

Critique of UCR Data

Underestimation of the Amount of Crime

Diversion of Attention from White-Collar Crime

Misleading Data on the Characteristics of Arrestees

Citizens’ Reporting of Crime

Police Recording Practices and Scandals

Different Definitions of Crimes

School Reporting Practices

NIBRS and Calls to the Police

National Crime Victimization Survey

Evaluating NCVS Data

Self-Report Studies

Critique of Self-Report Studies

Evaluating UCR, NCVS, and Self-Report Data

Review and Discuss

Recent Trends in US Crime Rates

Patterning of Criminal Behavior

Geographical Patterns

International Comparisons

Review and Discuss

Comparisons Within the United States

Seasonal and Climatological Variations

Social Patterns of Criminal Behavior

Gender and Crime

Explaining Women’s Low Crime Rates

Are Girls and Women Becoming More Violent?

Review and Discuss

Race, Ethnicity, and Crime

Explaining African American Crime Rates

Latinos and Other Groups

Immigrants

Review and Discuss

Social Class and Crime

Review and Discuss

Age and Crime

Explaining the Age–Crime Relationship

Gender, Race, and Age Combined

Chronic Offenders and Criminal Careers

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

4 Victims and Victimization

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Defining Victims and Studying Victimization

Review and Discuss

The Patterning of Victimization

Geographical Patterns

Social Patterns

Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

Family Income

Age

Race, Gender, and Age Combined

Review and Discuss

Victim–Offender Relationship

Strangers Versus Nonstrangers

Intimate-Partner Violence

Perceived Race, Gender, and Age of Offenders

Review and Discuss

Crime Characteristics

Use of Alcohol and Other Drugs

Time and Place of Occurrence

Use of Weapons

Victim Self-Protection and Resistance

Explaining Victimization

Lifestyle and Routine Activities Theories

Deviant Lifestyles and Victimization

Review and Discuss

Physical Proximity and Victimization

Review and Discuss

Individual Traits

Low Self-Control and Lack of Social Relationships

Childhood Problems

Mental Disorder

Puberty

Repeat Victimization

Explaining Sociodemographic Variation in Victimization

Review and Discuss

Victimization of College Students and the Homeless

College Students

The Homeless

Costs and Consequences of Victimization

Economic and Medical Costs and Consequences

Psychological Consequences

Social and Behavioral Consequences

Review and Discuss

Victims in the Criminal Justice System

Victims and Criminal Case Outcomes

Victimization by White-Collar Crime

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

Part 2 Explaining Crime

5 Classical and Neoclassical Perspectives

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Understanding Theories of Crime

From Theology to Science

God and Demons as Causes of Crime and Deviance

The Age of Reason

The Classical School of Criminology

Review and Discuss

The Rise of Positivism

Neoclassical Perspectives

Rational Choice Theory

Evaluating Rational Choice Theory

Deterrence Theory

Types of Deterrence

Taking a Closer Look at Deterrence

Research on Deterrence

Routine Activities Theory

Evaluating Routine Activities Theory

Theory and Policy

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

6 Biological and Psychological Explanations

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Biological Explanations

Nineteenth-Century Views

Phrenology

Cesare Lombroso: Atavism

Lombroso on Women

Early Twentieth-Century Views

Earnest Hooton: Biological Inferiority

William Sheldon: Body Shapes

Contemporary Explanations

Family, Heredity, and Genes

Early Research

Twin Studies

Adoption Studies

Molecular Genetics

Evolutionary Biology

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Brain Abnormalities

Neurochemical Factors

Hormones: Testosterone and Male Criminality

Hormones: PMS and Crime by Women

Neurotransmitters

Nutrition and Diet

Pregnancy and Birth Complications

Early Puberty

Evaluation of Biological Explanations

Review and Discuss

Psychological Explanations

Psychoanalytic Explanations

Moral Development and Crime

Intelligence and Crime

Race, IQ, and Crime

Review and Discuss

Personality and Crime

Evaluation of Psychological Explanations

Abnormality or Normality?

Theory and Policy

Review and Discuss

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

7 Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Structure

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

The Legacy of Durkheim

Review and Discuss

Social Disorganization and Social Ecology

Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. Mckay

Critiques of Social Disorganization Theory

The Revival of Social Disorganization Theory

Other Ecological Work

Extreme Poverty and Crime

Kinds of Places Versus Kinds of People

Review and Discuss

Anomie and Strain Theory

Evaluation of Anomie Theory

Defense and Extension of Anomie Theory

General Strain Theory

Review and Discuss

Subcultural Theories

Albert K. Cohen: School Failure and Delinquent Subcultures

Evaluation of Cohen’s Status Frustration Theory

Walter B. Miller: Focal Concerns

Evaluation of Miller’s View

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin: Differential Opportunity Theory

Evaluation of Differential Opportunity Theory

Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti: The Subculture of Violence

Evaluation of the Subculture of Violence Theory

Elijah Anderson: The Code of the Street

Prospects for Subcultural Explanations

Review and Discuss

Structural Theories and Gender

Review and Discuss

Theory and Policy

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

8 Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Process

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Learning Theories

Edwin H. Sutherland: Differential Association Theory

Evaluation of Differential Association Theory

Review and Discuss

Other Learning Theories

Daniel Glaser: Differential Identification Theory

Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory

Robert L. Burgess and Ronald L. Akers: Differential Reinforcement Theory

Evaluation of Learning Theories

Control Theories

Walter Reckless: Containment Theory

Evaluation of Containment Theory

Gresham M. Sykes and David Matza: Neutralization and Drift Theory

Evaluation of Neutralization and Drift Theory

Review and Discuss

Travis Hirschi: Social Bonding Theory

Social Bonding Theory and the Context of Delinquency

The Family

Review and Discuss

Schools

Religion

Evaluation of Social Bonding Theory

Review and Discuss

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi: Self-Control Theory

Evaluation of Self-Control Theory

Review and Discuss

Charles R. Tittle: Control Balance Theory

Mark Colvin and Francis T. Cullen: Coercive Control and Social Support Theory

Life-Course Theories

Specific Life-Course Theories

Delbert S. Elliott: Integrated Strain-Control Theory

Terence P. Thornberry: Interactional Theory

Terrie E. Moffitt: Life-Course-Persistent/Adolescence-Limited Theory

Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub: Age-Graded Theory

The Promise and Problem of Theoretical Integration

Review and Discuss

Theory and Policy

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

9 Sociological Theories: Critical Perspectives

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Labeling Theory

The Relativist Definition of Crime and Deviance

The Imposition of the Deviant Label

Review and Discuss

The Negative Consequences of Labeling

Review and Discuss

Evaluation of Labeling Theory

Restorative Justice

Review and Discuss

Conflict and Radical Theories

Consensus and Conflict Perspectives in Sociology

Conflict Perspectives in Criminology

Evaluation of Conflict Theory

Radical Theories in Criminology

Marx and Engels on Crime and Law

Willem Bonger: Capitalism, Egoism, and Crime

Review and Discuss

Jerome Hall: The Law of Theft

William Chambliss: The Law of Vagrancy

Contemporary Radical Views on Crime and Law

A Common Agenda

Evaluation of Radical Criminology

Left Realism and Peacemaking Criminology

Review and Discuss

Feminist Theories

An Overview of Feminist Perspectives in Criminology

The Scope of Feminist Theory and Research

The Victimization of Women

Gender Differences in Crime

Masculinity and Crime

Review and Discuss

Explanations of Women’s Criminality

Doing Gender

Power-Control Theory

Women in the Criminal Justice System

Review and Discuss

A Final Word on Feminism

Theory and Policy

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

Part 3 Criminal Behaviors

10 Violent Crime: Homicide, Assault, and Robbery

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Homicide and Assault

Defining Homicide and Assault

Patterning and Social Dynamics of Homicide

Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Age of Offenders and Victims

Geographic Patterns

The South

International Comparisons

The Victim–Offender Relationship

Type of Weapon

Circumstances Leading to Homicides

Review and Discuss

Trends in US Homicide Rates

Aggravated Assault

Explaining Homicide and Aggravated Assault

Why Does the United States Have a Higher Homicide Rate Than Other Industrial Nations?

Review and Discuss

Why Are US Homicides and Aggravated Assaults More Common in Urban Areas Than Elsewhere?

Why Do Men Commit Almost All Homicides and Aggravated Assaults?

Review and Discuss

Why Do African Americans and Other People of Color Have High Rates of Homicide and Aggravated Assault?

Violence by Women

Review and Discuss

Robbery

Defining Robbery

Extent and Patterning of Robbery

Types of Robbers

Explaining Robbery

Review and Discuss

Special Topics in Violent Crime

Mass Murder and Serial Killing

Mass Murder

Serial Killing

Review and Discuss

Workplace Violence

The Extent and Nature of Workplace Violence

Hate Crime

Child Abuse and Elder Abuse

Child Abuse

Explaining Child Abuse

Elder Abuse

Mass Media and Violence

Review and Discuss

Firearms, Crime, and Violence

Review and Discuss

Reducing Violent Crime

What History Tells Us

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

11 Violence Against Women

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Overview: The Gendered Nature of Violent Crime

An International Problem

Defining Rape and Sexual Assault and Intimate-Partner Violence

Extent of Violence Against Women

Rape and Sexual Assault

Review and Discuss

Intimate Rape and Sexual Assault

Review and Discuss

Intimate-Partner Violence (IPV)

Social Patterning of Violence Against Women

Age

Social Class

Race and Ethnicity

Review and Discuss

Explaining Violence Against Women

Gender and Economic Inequality

Cultural Myths Supporting Violence Against Women

Rape Myths

IPV Myths

Review and Discuss

Other Factors and Perspectives

Battered Men: Fact or Fiction?

Stalking

Reducing Violence Against Women

Arresting Batterers: Deterrence or Escalation?

Review and Discuss

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

12 Property Crime and Fraud

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Defining Property Crime

Extent of Property Crime

Patterning of Property Crime

Social Organization of Property Crime

Review and Discuss

Burglary

Tipsters and Fences

Decision Making in Burglary

Property-Crime Victimization: Costs and Circumstances

Explaining Property Crime

Cultural Emphasis on Economic Success

Techniques of Neutralization

Fencing

Review and Discuss

Unemployment

Routine Activities and Social Process Factors

Property Crime for Thrills

A Look at Shoplifting

Reducing Property Crime

The Criminal Justice System

Situational Crime Prevention

Target Hardening

Community Prevention

Review and Discuss

Fraud

Identity Theft

Tax Fraud

Insurance Fraud

Review and Discuss

Cybercrime

The Cost of Fraud

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

13 White-Collar and Organized Crime

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

White-Collar Crime

Edwin Sutherland and White-Collar Crime

Defining White-Collar Crime

Contemporary Views

Review and Discuss

Occupational Crime: Lawbreaking for Personal Gain

Employee Theft: Pilferage and Embezzlement

Pilferage

Embezzlement

Professional Fraud: Focus on Health Care

Review and Discuss

Unnecessary Surgery

Financial Fraud

Police and Political Corruption: Violations of Public Trust

Organizational Criminality and Corporate Crime

Corporate Financial Crime

Corporate Fraud, Cheating, and Corruption

Price-Fixing and Restraint of Trade

False Advertising

Corporate Violence: Threats to Health and Safety

Workers and Unsafe Workplaces

Estimates of the Problem

Examples of the Problem

Consumers and Unsafe Products

The Automobile Industry

The Pharmaceutical Industry

The Food Industry

The Public and Environmental Pollution

Review and Discuss

Economic and Human Costs of White-Collar Crime

Explaining White-Collar Crime

Similarities with Street Crime

Differences from Street Crime

Cultural and Social Bases for White-Collar Crime

Lenient Treatment

Weak or Absent Regulations

Difficulty of Proving Corporate Crime

Weak Punishment

Lack of News Media Coverage

Race/Ethnicity and Social Class

Review and Discuss

Reducing White-Collar Crime

Organized Crime

History of Organized Crime

Alien Conspiracy Model and Myth

Controlling Organized Crime

Review and Discuss

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

14 Political Crime

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Defining Political Crime

Major Categories of Political Crime

Crime by Government

Political Repression and Human Rights Violations

Genocide

Review and Discuss

Torture, Assassination, and Related Violence

Government Violence in the United States

Surveillance, Infiltration, and Disruption

Review and Discuss

Legal Repression

Unethical or Illegal Experimentation

State–Corporate Crime

Political Corruption

Personal Economic Gain

Political Power and Influence

Crime against Government

Mass Political Violence: Rebellion, Riots, Terrorism

Terrorism

Review and Discuss

Political Assassination

Civil Disobedience

History of Civil Disobedience

Review and Discuss

Espionage and Treason

Explaining and Reducing Political Crime

The Social Patterning of Political Crime

Reducing Political Crime

Countering Terrorism

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

Part 4 Controlling and Preventing Crime

15 Consensual Crime

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Overview of the Consensual Crime Debate

Illegal Drug Use

Drug Use in History

Contemporary US Drug Use

Prevalence of Legal Drug Use

Prevalence of Illegal Drug Use

A Drug Crisis?

Review and Discuss

Explaining Illegal Drug Use

Gender and Illegal Drug Use

The Drugs–Crime Connection

Review and Discuss

The Legalization Debate

The Philosophical Argument

Review and Discuss

The Social Science Argument

Argument Against Legalization

Rebuttal by Legalization Proponents

Review and Discuss

Harm Reduction and Drug Courts

Sexual Offenses: Prostitution and Pornography

Prostitution

Explaining Prostitution

The Legalization Debate

The Sex Trafficking Controversy

Pornography

Defining and Debating Pornography

Pornography and Rape

Review and Discuss

Gambling

The Growth of Gambling

The Gambling Debate

Review and Discuss

Reducing Consensual Crime

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

16 Policing: Dilemmas of Crime Control in a Democratic Society

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Crime Control in a Democratic Society

The Ideal of Blind Justice

A Preview of the Discussion

Development of the Modern Police Force

Review and Discuss

Working Personality and Police Behavior

Review and Discuss

Police Misconduct: Brutality

Measuring Excessive Force

Surveys

Direct Observation

Explaining Excessive Force

Racism and Police Brutality

Racism and Police Use of Deadly Force

Review and Discuss

Police Violence Against Women

Police Misconduct: Corruption

Police Scandals

Review and Discuss

Police Discretion: To Arrest or Not to Arrest?

Race, Ethnicity, and Arrest

A Review of the Evidence

Race, Arrest, and the War on Drugs

Ecological Evidence for Racial Discrimination in Policing

Review and Discuss

Gender and Arrest

Impact of Policing on Crime

Do Additional Police Deter Crime?

How Police Are Used

Crackdowns

Zero-Tolerance Policing

Review and Discuss

Does Arrest Make a Difference?

Community Policing

Legal Technicalities and Police Effectiveness

Impact of Policing on Crime Revisited

Women and People of Color in Police Forces

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

17 Prosecution and Punishment

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

Criminal Courts and the Adversary System

Normal Crimes and the Fate of Poor Defendants

Prosecutors, the Courtroom Work Group, and Plea Bargaining

Review and Discuss

Punishment, Social Structure, and Inequality

Economic Conditions and Punishment

Research on Unemployment and Imprisonment

Research on the Postbellum South

Social Class and Legal Outcomes

Community Context of Social Class and Sentencing

Review and Discuss

Impact of Race and Ethnicity

Prosecutorial Decisions

Conviction and Sentencing

The Drug War Revisited

Review and Discuss

Gender and Sentencing

Impact of Punishment on Crime

Evidence against a Deterrent Effect

Evidence against an Incapacitation Effect

Review and Discuss

The Death Penalty Debate

Cost of the Death Penalty

General Deterrence and the Death Penalty

Arbitrariness and Racial Discrimination in the Application of the Death Penalty

Continuing Arbitrariness

Racial Discrimination

Quality of Legal Representation of Capital Defendants

Wrongful Executions

Review and Discuss

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

18 Conclusion: How Can We Reduce Crime?

Learning Objectives

Chapter Outline

The Criminal Justice System Funnel

Review and Discuss

A Sociological Prescription for Crime Reduction

Social, Cultural, and Community Crime Prevention (Primary Prevention)

Review and Discuss

Developmental Crime Prevention (Secondary Prevention)

Review and Discuss

Criminal Justice Approaches (Tertiary Prevention)

Review and Discuss

Conclusion

Summary

Key Terms

What Would You Do?

Glossary

References

Name Index

Steven E. Barkan is professor of sociology at the University of Maine, where he has taught since 1979. His teaching and research interests include criminology, sociology of law, and social movements. He was the 2008–2009 president of the Society for the Study of Social Problems and had previously served as a member of the SSSP Board of Directors, as chair of its Law and Society Division and Editorial and Publications Committee, and as an advisory editor of its journal, Social Problems. He also previously served as a member of the council of the Sociology of Law Section of the American Sociological Association and served on its student paper award committee as well as that of the ASA Crime, Law, and Deviance Section. He currently serves on the council of Alpha Kappa Delta, the sociology honor society, and is President of the Text and Academic Authors Association.

Professor Barkan has written many journal articles dealing with topics such as racial prejudice and death-penalty attitudes, views on police brutality, political trials, and feminist activism. These articles have appeared in the American Sociological Review, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Journal of Crime and Justice, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Justice Quarterly, Social Forces, Social Problems, Sociological Forum, Sociological Inquiry, Sociological Perspectives, and other journals.

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