Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach 4th Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0137474226

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Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence: A Systems Approach 4th Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0137474226

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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Pearson; 4th edition (June 28, 2022)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• ‎764 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0137474229
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0137474226

Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence is infused with self-development opportunities, first-hand perspectives, and real cases to help you on your journey of developing multicultural counseling competence. Emphasis is placed on promoting awareness, knowledge, and skills for understanding cultural makeup and privilege and oppression experiences; understanding others of diverse identities and experiences; and engaging in facilitative counseling relationships.

Table of Contents:

Preface

Organization of Text

New to This Edition

Key Content Updates by Chapter

Pedagogical Features

Learning Management System (LMS)-Compatible Assessment Bank, and Other Instructor Resources

Brief Contents

Contents

About the Editors

About the Contributing Authors

Section 1 The Foundations of Multicultural Counseling

Chapter 1 The Culturally Competent Counselor

Preview

Learning Outcomes

The Culturally Competent Counselor

Key Terminology of Multicultural Counseling

U.S. Demographics

Race and Ethnicity

Nationality

Age

Socioeconomic Status

Rates of Mental Illness

Mental Health Treatment and Multicultural Populations

Counseling versus Cultural Norms of Diverse Populations

Inaccessibility of Services

Stigma and Mistrust

Prejudice and Discrimination

Immigration

Acculturation and Enculturation

Case Study 1.1

Individual and Collective Trauma

The Role of Communication in Multicultural Counseling

Verbal Communication

Nonverbal Communication

Emotional Expression

Communication Patterns of Clients and Counselors

Developing Multicultural Counseling Competence

A Systems Approach to Multicultural Counseling Competence

Case Study 1.2

Level 1: Individual

Levels 2, 3, and 4: Family, Friends, and other Peers

Level 5: Community

Level 6: Historical

Ethical Considerations in Multicultural Counseling

Case Study 1.3

State of the Research: Multicultural Counseling Competency

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 2 Cultural Identity Development

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Racial and Ethnic Identity Development

Racial Identity Models

Cross’s Nigrescence Model

Case Study 2.1

Helms’s People-of-Color Identity Model

Helms’s White Identity Model

Case Study 2.2

Ponterotto’s Model of Cultural Identity Development

Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity

Biracial and Multiracial Identity Development

Biracial Identity Development

Multiracial Identity Development

Multiple Heritage Identity Development

Case Study 2.3

Case Study 2.4

Addressing Racial and Ethnic Identity in Counseling

Gender Identity Development

Gender Identity Models

The Key Model

Downing and Roush’s Model of Feminist Identity

Hoffman’s Model of Feminist Identity

Devor’s Model of Transsexual and Transgender Identity Formation

Lev’s Transgender Emergence Model

De Vries Intersectional Model

Addressing Gender Identity in Counseling

Sexual Identity Development

Sexual Identity Models

Cass’s Homosexual Identity Formation Model

Coleman’s Coming-Out Model

Brady and Busse’s Sexual Identity Model

Troiden’s Model of Sexual Identity

Inclusive Model of Lesbian/Gay (L/G) Identity Formation

Bisexual Identity Development

Addressing Sexual Identity in Counseling

Case Study 2.5

Case Study 2.6

Spiritual and Faith Identity Development

Spiritual Identity Models

Spero’s Development of Religious Transformations

Fowler’s Model of Faith Development

Genia’s Development of Growth

Poll and Smith’s Model of Spiritual Identity

Parks’s Model of Spiritual Identity

Case Study 2.7

Case Study 2.8

Addressing Spiritual Identity in Counseling

State of the Research: Cultural Identity Development

Summary

Review Questions

Section 2 Social Advocacy

Chapter 3 Social Justice Counseling

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Key Constructs for Understanding Social Advocacy

Social Justice and Mental Health

Historical Context

Counselors as Social Advocates

Advocacy in Professional Counseling Standards

Three-Tiered Model of Social Advocacy

Case Study 3.1 Case of the Three-Tiered Model: Supervision

Case Study 3.2 Case of the Three-Tiered Model: Mental Health Counseling

Case Study 3.3 Case of the Three-Tiered Model: School Counseling

Case Study 3.4 Case of the Three-Tiered Model: Rehabilitation Counseling

Case Study 3.5 Case of the Three-Tiered Model: College Campus Hate Crime

Case Study 3.6 Case of the Three-Tiered Model: Counselor Educator

Challenges and Benefits of Social Justice Counseling

State of the Research: Social Justice Counseling

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 4 Racism and White Supremacy

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Race and Racism

Social Construction of Race

Defining Racism

Costs of Racism for People of Color

Case Study 4.1

Cognitive Costs

Affective Costs

Interpersonal Costs

Physical Costs

Efforts to Combat the Costs of Racism

White Supremacy

White Privilege

White People’s Psychological Responses to Racism and White Privilege

White Fragility

Being American

Racial Microaggressions and Macroaggressions

Color-Blind Racial Attitudes

Myth of Meritocracy

Focus on Exceptions

The Costs of Racism for White People

Cognitive Costs

Affective Costs

Interpersonal Costs

State of the Research: Racism, White Supremacy, and White Privilege

Becoming Antiracist

Counselor Self-Awareness

Client Services

Assessing the Client’s Racial Identity

Addressing Microaggressions

Addressing Client Racial Prejudice

Community Collaboration

Addressing Racism in the Client’s School and Community

Addressing Racism Within Other Systems

Economic Concerns

Public Health Concerns

Legal Concerns

Taking Action

Selected Books

Selected Films (Descriptions extracted from www.imdb.com)

Other Resources

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 5 Gender and Sexism

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Understanding Gender and Sexism

Gender and Counseling Considerations

Counseling Cisgender and Trans Girls and Women

Case Study 5.1

Counseling Cisgender and Trans Men

Case Study 5.2

Counseling People who are Trans and Nonbinary

Case Study 5.3

Historical Context of Sexism

White Colonization, Enslavement, and Warfare

World War II and Women’s Return “Home”

Historical Resistance to Sexism: Womanist and Feminist Movements

Cultural Intersections of Gender

Gender and Sexism for Individuals of African and African American Descent

Gender and Sexism for People of Native American Descent

Gender and Sexism for Individuals of Asian and Asian American Descent

Gender and Sexism for Individuals of Latin and Latin American Descent

Gender and Sexism for People of Arab and Arab American Descent

Consequences of Sexism

Mental Health Consequences of Sexism

Cisgender and Trans Women and Depression

Disordered Eating

Internalized Oppression

Physical Consequences of Sexism

Social Consequences of Sexism

Addressing Sexism in Counseling

Men as Feminists

Expanding Resilience and Social Justice

State of the Research: Gender and Sexism

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 6 Sexual and Affectional Orientation and Heterosexism

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Key Constructs

Heterosexism and Homophobia

LGBTQ+ Demography

Intersectional Issues for LGBTQ+ Individuals

Race and Ethnicity

Black Individuals

Individuals of Asian and Asian American Descent

Individuals of Latin and Latin American Descent

Individuals of Native American Descent

Middle Eastern, Arab, and Muslim Individuals

Gender

LGBTQ+ Youth

Age and Disclosure of Sexual and Affectional Orientation

Case Study 6.1

Educational Status

Social Class

Spirituality

LGBTQ+ Relationships

Consequences of Heterosexism

Mental Health Consequences

Suicidality and Depression

Stress and Self-Esteem

LGBTQ+ Youth

Physical Consequences

Substance Abuse

HIV/AIDS

Social Consequences

Social Class

Institutional Heterosexism

Diminished Interpersonal Relationships

State of the Research: Sexual and Affectional Orientation

Socially Just, Nonheterosexist Training and Clinical Practice

Counselor Attitudes and Beliefs

The Counseling Relationship

Counseling LGBTQ+ Youth

Case Study 6.2

Challenging Sexual Orientation Change Efforts

LGBTQ+ Affirmative Counseling

Counselor Training

Additional Systems Level Advocacy

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 7 Social Class and Classism

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Social Class, Socioeconomic Status, and Classism

What is Social Class?

What is Socioeconomic Status?

Class Across Cultures and Nations

What is Classism?

U.S. Class Structure

Classism, Racism, and Ethnocentrism

Class and Race

Class and Immigration

Poverty and Mental Health

Who is Poor?

Risk Factors and Mental Health Consequences

Sufficient and Nutritious Food

Case Study 7.1

Education

Employment

Safe and Affordable Housing

Health & Health Insurance

Poverty: Perceptions and Identity

State of the Research: Social Class and Classism

Addressing Classism in Counseling

Awareness

Knowledge

Skills

Case Study 7.2

Case Study 7.3

Part I

Part II

Advocacy

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 8 Disability, Ableism, and Ageism

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Disability Defined

Types of Disability

Disability Statistics

Models of Disability

Variations on the Social Model of Disability

Counseling Individuals with a Disability

Case Study 8.1

Disability, Ableism, and the Counseling Process

Ableism

Awareness

Knowledge

Skills

Disability-Affirmative Counseling and Cultural Intersections

Older Adults

Case Study 8.2

Ageism and Adultism

Age, Ageism, and the Counseling Process

Awareness

Knowledge

Skills

State of the Research: Disability, Ableism, and Ageism

Summary

Review Questions

Section 3 Counseling Multicultural Populations

Chapter 9 Individuals and Families of African and African American Descent

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Individuals and Families of African and African American Descent

Terminology

Demographics

Discrimination Experiences

Black Racial Identity and Acculturation

Black Culture and Values

Black Families

Case Study 9.1

Black Couples

Interracial Couples

Black Children

Black Middle-Class Individuals

Black Elderly Individuals

Gender

Black LGBTQ+ Individuals

General Mental Health Issues and Counseling Approaches

Common Support Systems for Black Individuals

Traditional (Eurocentric) Counseling Approaches with Black Clients

Client-Centered Counseling

Psychodynamic Counseling

Adlerian Counseling

Case Study 9.2

An Afrocentric Psychological Perspective

Black Psychology

State of the Research: Black Individuals and Families

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 10 Individuals and Families of Arab and Arab American Descent

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Arab American Heterogeneity

Contemporary Social Perceptions and Discrimination Experiences

Arab American Culture and Values

Collectivism

Religion and Faith

Education, Work, and Socioeconomic Status

Communication Styles

Individual Differences and Identities

Acculturation

Ethnicity

Gender Identity

Risks and Resiliencies: Mental Health Issues Among Arab Americans

Oppression and Discrimination

Acculturative Stress

Ethnic and Gender Identity Development

Other Psychosocial Issues

Case Study 10.1 Meet Ahmed: A Saudi Arabian Middle School Student

Case Study 10.2 Meet Laila: A Lebanese Graduate Student

State of the Research: Arab and Arab American Individuals and Families

Considerations in Counseling Arab Americans

Approach

Family and Community Involvement

Stigmas and Help-Seeking Behaviors

Case Studies Revisited

Case Study 10.1 Continued: Ahmed: A School Counseling Case

Case Study 10.2 Continued: Laila: A College Counseling Case

Counseling Considerations Endnote

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 11 Individuals and Families of Asian and Asian American Descent

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Asian American History

Contemporary Forms of Discrimination

Asian American Heterogeneity

Asian American Culture and Values

Family

Gender Roles

Interpersonal Relationships

Intimacy and Marriage

Education

Religion

Death and Dying

Individual Differences and Identities

Immigration, Enculturation, and Acculturation

Ethnicity and Race

Gender Roles

Sexuality and Sexual Identity

General Mental Health Issues of Individuals of Asian and Asian American Descent

Case Study 11.1

Case Study 11.2

Psychopathology

Racism

Depression

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Domestic Violence

Anxiety and Schizophrenia

Help Seeking and Coping

Utilization Rates

Attitudes Toward, and Barriers to, Help Seeking

Sites of Resiliency

State of the Research: Asian and Asian American Individuals and Families

Guidelines for Counseling Clients of Asian and Asian American Descent

Counselor Self-Assessment

Counseling Process

Conceptualization of the Problem

Intervention

Outreach and Nonclinical Visibility

Social Advocacy and Social Justice

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 12 Individuals and Families of Latin and Latin American Descent

Preview

Learning Outcomes

A Latin American History of Terminology

Latin American and Latino Heterogeneity

Mexicans

Puerto Ricans

Cubans

Caribbean Latinx/as/os and Central and South Americans

Latin American and Latinx/a/o Culture and Values

Case Study 12.1

“Somos Inmigrantes” (“We Are Immigrants”)

Language

Religion and Spirituality

Resiliency

Gender Roles

Families of Latin and Latin American Descent

Interpersonal Relationships

Individual Differences and Identities

Immigration Status

Generational Status

Socioeconomic Status

Mental Health Issues of Individuals of Latin and Latin American Descent

Acculturative Stress

Grief and Loss

Experiences with Discrimination

Additional Concerns

Guidelines for Counseling Clients of Latin and Latin American Descent

Counseling Considerations for Children of Latin and Latin American Descent

Counseling Children

Counseling Considerations for Adolescents of Latin and Latin American Descent

Counseling Adolescents

Case Study 12.2

Counseling Considerations for Adults of Latin and Latin American Descent

Counseling Adults

Case Study 12.3

State of the Research: Latin and Latin American Individuals and Families

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 13 Counseling Individuals and Families of Native American Descent

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Understanding Native Americans: Reflections Down by the Riverside

Who Are Native Americans?

Tribal Membership and Native American Identity

Case Study 13.1

Native American History

Current Social, Economic, and Political Issues

Native American Sociocultural Characteristics Today

Families

Case Study 13.2

Education – K-12

Case Study 13.3

Education-College

Income, Poverty, and Unemployment

Health, Mental Health, and Premature Mortality

Cultural Preservation

Language Preservation

Gaming

Tribal Resources

Sacred Sites and Repatriation

Stereotypes and Mascot Issues

Native American Culture and Values

Overview of Native American Cultural Values and Cultural Identity

Humility

Sharing

Patience

Time

Communication Style

Harmony

Humor

Being

Elders

Native American Religions and Spirituality

Medicine

Harmony

Relation

Vision

Case Study 13.4

Lessons of the Eagle Feather

State of the Research: Individuals and Families of Native American Descent

Counseling Native American Clients

Examining Bias and Gaps in Knowledge

Identity, Family, and Acculturation

Healing from Historical Trauma and the Impact of Oppression

Drawing on Values

Integrating Spirituality

Intersectionality Considerations

Case Study 13.5

Therapeutic Environment

Culturally Specific Interventions

Working from a Social Justice and Advocacy Counseling Perspective

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 14 Individuals and Families of European and European American Descent

Preview

Learning Outcomes

European American History

The Early Colonial Period

European Immigration

Terminology

Development of a White American Ethnic Identity

The Melting Pot

The American Dream

The Creation of an American Heritage

Privilege, Oppression, and White Supremacy

Who Gets to be White?

The Process of Becoming White

European American Heterogeneity

Recent European American Immigrants

Immigrants, Undocumented Immigrants, and Refugees

Immigration Stressors

Acculturation and Identity Deconstruction

Oppression and Discrimination

State of the Research: European and European American Individuals and Families

Counseling Considerations for White Individuals

Cultural Influences on Mental Health in White Clients

White Racial Identity Development

Intersectionality

Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling with White Clients

Broaching

Cultural Humility Framework

Consciousness-Raising

Anti-Racist Approach

Narrative Approach in Counseling

Creative Arts

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 15 Individuals and Families of Multiracial Descent

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Terminology

Historical Perspectives

Interracial Marriages Today

Multiracial Identity Development

Multiracial Individuals and Intersectionality

Contemporary Social Perceptions, Salient Experiences, and Resilience

Individuals

Microaggressions and Resilience

Case Study 15.1

Couples

Families

Considerations for Counseling Individuals of Multiracial Descent and Families

Counselor Self-Awareness

Client Worldview

Counseling Relationship

Counseling and Advocacy Interventions

Counseling and Advocacy Interventions for Counseling Interracial Couples

Case Study 15.2

Counseling and Advocacy Interventions for Counseling Multiracial Families

Case Study 15.3

Counseling and Advocacy Interventions for Counseling Children of Multiracial Descent

Counseling and Advocacy Interventions for Counseling Multiracial Adolescents

Counseling and Advocacy Interventions for Counseling Multiracial College Students

Case Study 15.4

Counseling and Advocacy Interventions for Counseling Adults of Multiracial Descent

State of the Research: Multiracial Individuals and Families

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 16 Spiritual Diversity

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Religion and Spirituality in America

Spirituality and Religion Defined

Toward Defining Spirituality

Toward Defining Religion

Relationships between Religion and Spirituality

Case Study 16.1 The Case of Devon

Hand in Hand

The Jungian Path of Pretending

“Spiritual but not Religious”

Neither . . . .Nor. . . .

Overview of Major World Religions

Eastern World Religions

Buddhism

Hinduism

Sikhism

Taoism

Confucianism

Western World Religions

Christianity

Islam

Judaism

Experiences of Religious Oppression

All is one: Aspects Common to all Religions

Tenet 1: Spirit, by Whatever Name, Exists

Tenet 2: Spirit is Found “in Here,” within an Open Heart and Mind

Tenet 3: Many/Most Don’t Realize Spirit Within

Tenet 4: There is a Path to Liberation

Tenet 5: If This Path is Followed, the Result is Rebirth or Enlightenment

Tenet 6: Rebirth or Enlightenment Results in the End of Suffering

Tenet 7: The End of Suffering Manifests in Social Actions of Mercy and Compassion

State of the Research: Spiritual Diversity

Special Considerations for Counseling

Approaching Client Spiritual Issues

Case Study 16.2

Ethical Competence

Spiritual Bypass

Case Study 16.3

ASERVIC Competencies

Summary

Review Questions

Section 4 Multicultural Conceptualization

Chapter 17 Using Counseling Theories in Multicultural Contexts

Preview

Learning Outcomes

Social and Cultural Foundations of Counseling Theory

Case Study 17.1

Worldview Shaping Counseling

Transition from Worldview to Theory

Alternative Sources of Theory in Multicultural Counseling

Religion and Spirituality

Government

Family

Applications of Counseling Theory Across Cultures

Case Study 17.2

Traditional Theoretical Frameworks in Counseling

Culturally Responsive Use of Traditional Theories

Culturally Responsive Counseling Theories

Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT)

Empowerment Theory

Relational-Cultural Theory

Counseling Theory and Approaches Based on Non-western Worldviews

State of the Research: Using Counseling Theories in Multicultural Contexts

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 18 Multicultural Diagnosis and Conceptualization

Preview

Learning Outcomes

The Challenge of Ethical Practice

Cultural Validity in Assessment

Normal Versus Abnormal

Case Study 18.1

Overdiagnosis, Underdiagnosis, and Misdiagnosis

Sampling Bias

Culture and Psychopathology

Case Study 18.2

Feminist Challenges

Prevalence Data of Diagnoses by Gender

Developmental Shifts in Prevalence Rates

Case Study 18.3

Sex Bias in Diagnosis

Case Study 18.4

Socialization and Mental Health

Case Study 18.5

Social Conditions

Women’s Trauma Experiences

Case Study 18.6

Case Study 18.7

Toward Solutions

Comprehensive Assessment

Universal and Culturally Specific Diagnoses

Other Culturally Astute Strategies

Feminist Analysis

Function of Symptoms in Context

Referral

State of the Research: Multicultural Diagnosis and Conceptualization

Summary

Review Questions

Appendix Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies

Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies

Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies

I. Counselor Self-Awareness

II. Client Worldview

III. Counseling Relationship

IV. Counseling and Advocacy Interventions

References

Index

Danica G. Hays, PhD, is a professor and interim dean of the College of Education at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. She earned a doctorate in Counselor Education and Supervision, with an emphasis in multicultural research, from Georgia State University. She has published about 125 journal articles and book chapters in her areas of research expertise, which include research methodology and program evaluation, leadership development, domestic violence prevention, assessment and diagnosis, and multicultural and social justice issues in community mental health and counselor preparation. In addition to this text, she is co-editor of Qualitative Research in Clinical and Educational Settings (2/e, Cognella), A Counselor’s Guide to Career Assessment Instruments (6/e, National Career Development Association), Corona Chronicles: Necessary Narratives in Uncertain Times (1/e, Dio Press), and Corona Chronicles: On Leadership, Processes, Commitments, and Hope in Uncertain Times (1/e, Dio Press). She is also an associate and content editor of the American Counseling Association Encyclopedia of Counseling (1/e, ACA), co-author of Mastering the NCE and CPCE (3/e, Pearson), and author of Assessment in Counseling: A Guide to Psychological Assessment Procedures (6/e, ACA). She has extensive leadership history in the Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) and the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES), including serving as AARC President, ACES journal editor for Counselor Education and Supervision, founding editor for the Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation journal, and President of an ACES region. The American Counseling Association has recognized her nationally as an ACA Fellow, as well as presented her awards for her research and advocacy as a counselor educator.

Bradley T. Erford, PhD, is professor and director of the human development counseling and human development studies programs in the Department of Human and Organizational Development at Peabody College of Education and Human Development at Vanderbilt University. He was president of the American Counseling Association from 2012 to 2013. He is an American Counseling Association (ACA) Fellow and the recipient of several ACA awards, including the Research Award, Extended Research Award, Thomas J. Sweeney Award for Visionary Leadership and Advocacy, Arthur A. Hitchcock Distinguished Professional Service Award, Professional Development Award, and the Carl Perkins Government Relations Award. He has received the Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) Exemplary Practices Award; Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) Robert O. Stripling Award for Excellence in Standards; and the Maryland Association for Counseling and Development (MACD) Maryland Counselor of the Year, Professional Development, Counselor Visibility, and Counselor Advocacy Awards. His research specialization falls primarily in development and technical analysis of psychoeducational tests and has resulted in the publication of more than 35 books, 90 journal articles, 100 book chapters, and 20 psychoeducational tests. He is a past chair of the ACA – Southern Region; past president of the AARC, the MACD, the Maryland Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (MACES), the Maryland Association for Mental Health Counselors (MAMHC), and the Maryland Association for Measurement and Evaluation (MAME). Dr. Erford is the past chair of the ACA Task Force on High Stakes Testing, Task Force on Standards for Test Users, Public Awareness and Support Committee, Bylaws Committee, and Interprofessional Committee. Dr. Erford is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, Licensed Professional Counselor, Nationally Certified Counselor, Licensed Psychologist, and Licensed School Psychologist. He teaches courses primarily in the areas of assessment, human development, research and evaluation, and stress management.

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