Introduction to Learning and Behavior 6th Edition by Russell Powell, ISBN-13: 978-0357658475

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Introduction to Learning and Behavior 6th Edition by Russell Powell, ISBN-13: 978-0357658475

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• Publisher: ‎ Cengage Learning; 6th edition (March 10, 2022)
• Language: ‎ English
• 640 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0357658477
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0357658475

Gain a clear understanding of the basic principles of learning and behavior and how you can apply this information to better understand and improve today’s world with Powell/Honey/Symbaluk’s INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR, 6E. This engaging, student-friendly behavioral approach to psychology uses examples derived from both animals and humans to vividly illustrate the relevance of behavioral principles in comprehending and impacting human behavior. Updated, expanded coverage and a dedicated appendix address self-control and behavior self-management in detail with specific tactics you can immediately apply. “Study Tip” guide you in strategies, from effectively reading texts to using procedures to increase concentration and reduce procrastination. You also see how principles apply to managing relationships and raising children. Numerous innovative and updated review, self-testing, learning and independent study features further your understanding of key concepts.

Table of Contents:

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Preface

Key Characteristics

Changes to the Sixth Edition

Learning Aids

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Historical Background

Aristotle: Empiricism and the Laws of Association

Descartes: Mind–Body Dualism and the Reflex

The British Empiricists

Structuralism: The Experimental Study of Human Consciousness

Functionalism: The Study of the Adaptive Mind

The Theory of Evolution: Humans as Animals

Behaviorism: The Study of Observable Behavior

1.2. Five Schools of Behaviorism

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

Hull’s Neobehaviorism

Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism

In Review

For Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 2. Research Methods

2.1. Basic Terms and Definitions

Independent and Dependent Variables

Functional Relationships

Stimulus and Response

Overt and Covert Behavior

Appetitive and Aversive Stimuli

Motivating Operations

Contiguity and Contingency

2.2. Measurement of Behavior

Behavioral Definitions

Recording Methods

Assessing Reliability

2.3. Research Designs

Descriptive Research

Experimental Research

2.4. Use of Animals in Behavioral Research

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 3. Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

3.1. Elicited Behaviors

Reflexes

Fixed Action Patterns

3.2. Simple Mechanisms of Learning

Habituation and Sensitization

Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

3.3. Classical Conditioning

Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning

Basic Procedure and Definitions

Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning

Excitatory and Inhibitory Conditioning

Temporal Factors in Conditioning

Pseudoconditioning

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 4. Classical Conditioning: Basic Phenomena and Various Complexities

4-1. Some Basic Conditioning Phenomena

Acquisition

Extinction and Related Phenomena

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

Experimental Neurosis

4-2. Three Extensions to Classical Conditioning

Higher-Order Conditioning

Sensory Preconditioning

US Revaluation

4-3. Four Examples of Specificity in Classical Conditioning

Overshadowing

Blocking

Occasion Setting

Latent Inhibition

In Review

For Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 5. Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications

5.1. Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning

Stimulus-Substitution Theory

Preparatory-Response Theory (and the Compensatory-Response Model)

Rescorla–Wagner Theory

5.2. Practical Applications of Classical Conditioning

Understanding Phobias

Treating Phobias

Aversion Therapy for Problem Behaviors

Medical Applications of Classical Conditioning

In Review

For Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 6. Operant Conditioning: Introduction

6.1. Historical Background

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Skinner’s Selection by Consequences

6.2. Operant Conditioning

Operant Behavior

Operant Consequences: Reinforcers and Punishers

Operant Antecedents: Discriminative Stimuli

6.3. Four Types of Contingencies

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

6.4. Positive Reinforcement: Further Distinctions

Immediate versus Delayed Reinforcement

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement

Natural and Contrived Reinforcers

Shaping

In Review

For Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 7. Schedules and Theories of Reinforcement

7.1. Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous versus Intermittent Schedules

Four Basic Intermittent Schedules

Other Simple Schedules of Reinforcement

Complex Schedules of Reinforcement

7.2. Theories of Reinforcement

Drive Reduction Theory

The Premack Principle

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

Behavioral Bliss Point Approach

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 8. Extinction and Stimulus Control

8.1. Extinction

Side Effects of Extinction

Resistance to Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

8.2. Stimulus Control

Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

The Peak Shift Effect

Multiple Schedules and Behavioral Contrast

Fading and Errorless Discrimination Learning

Stimulus Control: Additional Applications

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 9. Escape, Avoidance, and Punishment

9.1. Escape and Avoidance

Two-Process Theory of Avoidance

Avoidance Conditioning and Phobias

Avoidance Conditioning and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

9.2. Punishment

Types of Punishment

Problems with the Use of Punishment

Benefits and the Effective Use of Punishment

Theories of Punishment

9.3. Noncontingent Punishment

Learned Helplessness

Masserman’s Experimental Neurosis

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 10. Choice, Matching, and Self-Control

10.1. Choice and Matching

Concurrent Schedules

The Matching Law

Deviations from Matching

Matching and Melioration

10.2. Self-Control

Skinner on Self-Control

Self-Control as a Temporal Issue

Mischel’s Delay of Gratification Paradigm

The Ainslie–Rachlin Model of Self-Control

The Small-But-Cumulative Effects Model

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 11. Observational Learning and Rule-Governed Behavior

11.1. Observational or Social Learning

Contagious Behavior and Stimulus Enhancement

Observational Learning in Classical Conditioning

Observational Learning in Operant Conditioning

Imitation

Social Learning and Aggression

11.2. Rule-Governed Behavior

Definitions and Characteristics

Some Disadvantages of Rule-Governed Behavior

Personal Rules in Self-Regulation

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 12. Biological Dispositions in Learning

12.1. Preparedness and Conditioning

Preparedness in Classical Conditioning

Preparedness in Operant Conditioning

12.2. Operant–Respondent Interactions

Instinctive Drift

Sign Tracking

12.3. Adjunctive Behavior

Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics

Adjunctive Behavior in Humans

Adjunctive Behavior as Displacement Activity

12.4. Activity Anorexia

Basic Procedure and Defining Characteristics

Comparisons with Anorexia Nervosa

Underlying Mechanisms

Clinical Implications

12.5. Behavior Systems Theory

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Chapter 13. Comparative Cognition

13.1. What Is Comparative Cognition?

13.2. Memory in Animals

How to Study Animal Memory

Memory in Food-Storing Birds

13.3. Can Animals Count?

The Case of Clever Hans

Beyond Clever Hans: Evidence for Numerical Ability in Animals

13.4. Category Learning and Relational Decisions

13.5. Concepts of Tools, Self, and Others

Making and Using Tools

Theory of Mind

Self-Awareness and Differentiating Self from Others

Cooperation and Deception

13.6. Language

Can Animals “Talk”?

Sign Language Experiments

Artificial Language Experiments

In Review

Further Exploration

Study Questions

Concept Review

Chapter Test

Appendix. A Brief Guide to Behavior Self-Management

References

Russ Powell earned his Ph.D. in psychology under the mentorship of notable behavior analysts Dr. Frank Epling and Dr. David Pierce at the University of Alberta. As a long-standing faculty member at MacEwan University, Dr. Powell has taught classes in learning and behavior for more than 30 years using a variety of behaviorally inspired formats. He has published and conducted research in a wide range of areas, including operant conditioning, social psychology, sleep and dreams (especially nightmares) and self-regulation. He has also researched the history of psychology and helped identify the individual believed to have been Little Albert, the famous infant in whom Watson and Rayner (1920) attempted to condition a phobia of furry animals (Powell, Digdon, Harris, and Smithson, 2014).

Lynne Honey — a self-described “evolutionary behaviorist” — completed a Ph.D. in experimental psychology in Jeff Galef’s lab at McMaster University, studying the role of social learning on alcohol consumption in rats. She has published a number of papers on this topic and considers social learning to be one of the most powerful adaptations available to our species and others. Dr. Honey joined the department of psychology at MacEwan University in 2003 because of its focus on teaching and student engagement. She currently conducts research on human social behavior in an evolutionary context, focusing on the influence of personality traits on social behaviors. She also studies the effectiveness of various teaching methods, and she has been recognized with several awards for innovation and excellence in teaching.

Diane Symbaluk received her Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Alberta in 1997, with a specialization in criminology and social psychology. She joined MacEwan University in 1996 to pursue her joint passion for teaching and research mentorship. Her publications include textbooks, journal articles and more than 40 pedagogical resources such as study guides, test banks, instructor manuals and online resources. Dr. Symbaluk’s contributions to student success through teaching and educational leadership have been recognized with distinguished teaching awards and a 3M National Teaching Fellowship.

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