Practical English Usage INTERNATIONAL 4th Edition by Michael Swan, ISBN-13: 978-0194202466

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Practical English Usage INTERNATIONAL 4th Edition (without online access) by Michael Swan, ISBN-13: 978-0194202466

[PDF eBook eTextbook] – Available Instantly

376 pages

Publisher: Cambridge University Press; 1 edition (November 26, 2001)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0521792851

ISBN-13: 978-0521792851

Your indispensable guide to problems in English.

Practical English Usage is recommended for any teacher, trainee teacher, or advanced-level student looking for answers to questions about the English language. The material is now organised in two parts (grammar and vocabulary), making it easier than ever to find the answers, either online or in print.

Part 1 is a complete practical learner’s grammar with 28 sections, covering all the structural points that cause problems for learners.

Part 2 is a guide to vocabulary problems covering:

– rules for word formation and spelling

– a survey of high-priority vocabulary areas

– an A-Z guide to over 250 common word problems

The 600+ entries provide answers to the questions that learners typically ask, for example:

– use of tenses

– the truth about conditionals

– article problems

– singular they

– get as a passive auxiliary

– bring or take?

– can, could, may or might?

– classic or classical?

– the language of emails

– rules for word formation and spelling

Plus:

– the grammar of speech and formal writing

– British-American differences

– questions of style and idiom

– changes in English

– politeness

– avoiding offensive language

– a survey of high-priority vocabulary areas

– a guide to over 250 common vocabulary problems

– lists of learners’ most common mistakes

Contents overview:

This overview gives a general picture of the topics covered in the book; it is not a complete guide to the contents. References are to entry numbers. To find information about a particular point, consult the Index at the back of the book.

Grammar

1

Verbs

INTRODUCTION

1 irregular verbs 2 active verb tenses 3 progressive structures

4 non-progressive verbs 5 progressive with always, etc

6 perfect structures 7 subjects, objects and complements

8 verbs with two objects 9 verbs with both active and passive meanings

10

verb + object + complement: You make me nervous.

11

linking verbs: be, seem, look, etc 12 two-part verbs: phrasal verbs

13 two-part verbs: prepositional verbs 14 verbs of movement: she ran in, etc

15 verb + verb: auxiliary verbs 16 verb + verb: other structures

2

Be, have and do

INTRODUCTION

17 be: general 18 be: progressive forms 19 be with auxiliary do 20 there is

21 have: introduction 22 have: auxiliary verb 23 have: actions

24 have (got): possession, relationships and other states 25 be and have

26 do: introduction 27 do: auxiliary verb 28 do: substitute verb (I may do.)

29

do so/it/that

3

Present Tenses

INTRODUCTION

30

simple present: forms 31 simple present: use

32 present progressive 33 stories, commentaries and instructions

34

present tenses: advanced points

4

Talking about the Future

INTRODUCTION

35

going to 36 present progressive for future

37 simple present for future 38 will

39

will, going to and present progressive: advanced points

40

future perfect 41 future progressive

42 be to + infinitive: I am to …, you are to …, etc 43 future in the past

5

Past and Perfect Tenses

INTRODUCTION

44 simple past 45 past progressive

46 past form with present or future meaning 47 present perfect: basic information

48 present perfect or past? 49 present perfect or past: advanced points

xiii

50

present perfect progressive

51

present perfect simple or progressive? 52 present perfect or present?

53 past perfect: basic information 54 past perfect: advanced points

55 past perfect: progressive 56 This is the first/last…. etc

6

Passives

INTRODUCTION

57 passive structures and verb forms 58 by + agent

59

passive modal structures: It can be done tomorrow.

60

get as passive auxiliary: He got caught.

61

verbs with two objects in the passive 62 verbs with prepositions in the passive

63 It was thought that … 64 He is believed to be …

65 He was considered a genius. 66 My suitcase is packed.

67

When do we use passive structures?

7

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

INTRODUCTION

68

modals: grammar, pronunciation and contractions

69

deduction (deciding that something is certain): must, can’t, etc

70

deduction (deciding that something is probable): should, ought to, etc

71

chances: may, might and could 72 may and might: some special uses

73 strong obligation: must, will 74 strong obligation: have (got) to

75 have (got) to and must 76 weaker obligation: should and ought to

77 weaker obligation: had better 78 expectations: supposed to

79

willingness: will, can

80

instructions and requests: will, would, can, could, might, shall

81

permission: can, could, may, might, be allowed to 82 ability: can and could

83 ability: advanced points 84 can and could with see, hear, etc

85 be able to 86 typical behaviour: can, could, may, might, will, would

87

typical behaviour: used to + infinitive

8

Infinitives, -ing forms and Past Participles

INTRODUCTION

88

infinitives: introduction 89 infinitives: forms

90

use of perfect infinitives: glad to have left

91

infinitives without to: I saw you come in.

92

infinitive as subject or complement 93 -ing forms: introduction

94

-ing form as subject, object or complement

95

infinitive or -ing form? 96 participles: -ing and -ed forms used like adjectives

9

Infinitives, -ing forms and Past Participles after Nouns, Verbs, etc

INTRODUCTION

97

infinitives after verbs: It’s beginning to rain.

98

verb + object + infinitive: I want you to listen. 99 try and …, go and …, etc

100

-ing forms after verbs: I enjoy travelling.

101

infinitives after adjectives: pleased to see you

102

infinitives after nouns and pronouns: my decision to leave

103

-ing forms after nouns and adjectives: tired of listening

xiv

104

-ing forms after prepositions: without breaking eggs

105

infinitives or -ing forms: both possible with different uses

106

active and passive infinitive with similar meaning

107

causative structures with make 108 causative and similar structures with get

109

causative and similar structures with have

110

hear, see, etc + object + verb form

10

Infinitives, -ing forms and Past Participles: Other Uses

INTRODUCTION

111

infinitives after question words: who to…, etc

112

infinitive of purpose: I sat down to rest. 113 for …to …

114 infinitives: other uses 115 participle clauses

11

Nouns and Noun Phrases; Agreement

INTRODUCTION

116 spelling of plurals 117 irregular and special plurals

118

pronunciation of plurals

119

countable and uncountable nouns: basic information

120

countable and uncountable nouns: advanced points

121

piece- and group-words: a blade of grass; a bunch of flowers

122

noun + complement: What can follow a noun?

123

possessives: noun + ‘s (forms) 124 nouns in combination: my father’s house

125

nouns in combination: milk chocolate

126

classifying expressions: noun + noun or preposition structure?

127

classifying expressions with ‘s: a child’s toy; cow’s milk

128

singular expressions with plural verbs

129

plural expressions with singular verbs

130

mixed singular and plural: other structures

131

distributive plural: Tell them to bring raincoats.

132

turning verbs into nouns: a cough, a taste

12

Determiners: a/an and the; my, your, etc; this, that, etc

INTRODUCTION

133

articles: introduction 134 articles: basic information (A)

135 articles: basic information (B) 136 more about the 137 more about ɑ/ɑn

138

no article with plural and uncountable nouns

139

the difference between some/any and no article 140 talking in general

141 the: difficult cases 142 special rules and exceptions

143 possessive determiners: my, your, etc 144 this and that

145

this/that and it: things that have just been mentioned

13

Determiners: Quantifiers

INTRODUCTION

146

all: introduction 147 all (of) with noun phrases and pronouns

148 all with the verb: We can all swim. 149 all, everybody/everyone and everything

150 all and whole 151 every (one) 152 every and all 153 each

154 each and every: the difference 155 both 156 either 157 neither

158 some 159 any 160 any = ‘it doesn’t matter who/which/what’

xv

161 some and any: the main differences 162 any and every: the difference

163 no, none and not a/any 164 no one and none 165 much and many

166 more 167 most 168 (a) little and (a) few 169 less and fewer

170 least and fewest 171 enough

172

quantifying expressions: a lot, lots, a great deal, the majority, etc

14

Pronouns

INTRODUCTION

173

personal pronouns: basic information

174

personal pronouns: advanced points 175 singular they

176 possessive pronouns: mine, yours, etc 177 a friend of mine, etc

178

reflexive pronouns: myself, etc

179

reciprocal pronouns: each other and one another

180

somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, etc

181

one, you and they: used for people in general

182

one (substitute word): a big one

15

Adjectives

INTRODUCTION

183

adjectives: normal position 184 order of adjectives 185 adjectives with and

186

adjectives after nouns and pronouns

187

adjectives: position after as, how, so, too 188 adjectives without nouns

189

gradable and non-gradable adjectives

190

measurements: ‘marked’ and ‘unmarked’ forms

191

pronunciation of aged, naked, etc 192 What can follow an adjective?

16

Adverbs and Adverbials

INTRODUCTION

193 adverbs of manner and adjectives 194 adverbs or adjectives: confusing cases

195

adverb particles: up, down, back, away, etc

196

position of adverbials: introduction 197 connecting and comment adverbials

198 indefinite frequency, certainty and completeness 199 focusing adverbials 200 mid-position: details 201 manner, place and time

202

adverbials modifying adverbials: terribly sorry; right past me

17

Comparison

INTRODUCTION

203

as … as; as much/many as 204 comparative and superlative adjectives

205

comparative and superlative adverbs

206

using comparatives and superlatives 207 much older, by far the oldest, etc

208

comparison: advanced points

18

Prepositions

INTRODUCTION

209

prepositions at the ends of clauses 210 prepositions before conjunctions

211

-ing forms and infinitives

212

prepositions before particular words and expressions

xvi

213

prepositions after particular words and expressions

214

expressions without prepositions

19

Basic Clause Types

INTRODUCTION

215

sentence structure: basic word order 216 questions: basic rules

217 negative structures: basic rules 218 negative questions

219

negative structures with think, hope, seem, etc

220

multiple negatives: I couldn’t see nobody.

221

ambiguous negatives

222

non-affirmative words: anybody, ever, yet, etc 223 exclamations

224 imperatives 225 let introducing imperatives

20

Conjunctions, Sentences and Clauses

INTRODUCTION

226

putting things together: and, but, or

227

not . ..or, not… nor, and not

228

emphatic coordination: both … and; (n)either … (n)or, not only

229

subordinate clauses: some general points

230

who, which, what, etc after prepositions

231

tense simplification in subordinate clauses

232

subjunctive: that she go, that they be, if I were, etc

21

Relative Clauses

INTRODUCTION

233

relatives: basic information

234

identifying and non-identifying clauses: the tall man who …;Mr Rogers, who…

235

whose 236 what 237 relatives: advanced points

22

If

INTRODUCTION

238 ordinary structures 239 special structures with past tenses and would

240 if I were you 241 unreal past situations 242 if only 243 if… will

244 other points 245 other structures found in spoken English

246 other words and expressions with similar uses 247 unless

248

in case and if

23

Other Adverbial Clauses

INTRODUCTION

249

after: conjunction 250 before: conjunction

251 as, when and while: simultaneous events 252 whoever, whatever, etc

253 no matter who, etc 254 whether …or …

255

as and though: special word order

256

than- and ɑs-clauses: leaving out subjects, etc

xvii

24

Noun Clauses, Direct and Indirect Speech

INTRODUCTION

257

direct speech: reporting verbs and word order

258

indirect speech: introduction 259 indirect speech: tenses

260 indirect speech: questions and answers 261 whether and if

262 indirect speech: infinitives 263 indirect speech: advanced points

264 that-clauses 265 leaving out that 266 interrogative (question-word) clauses

25

Information Structure

INTRODUCTION

267

information structure: normal order and variations

268

preparatory it: subject 269 preparatory it: object

270

inversion: auxiliary verb before subject

271

inversion: full verb before subject

272

fronting: This question we have already discussed.

273

cleft sentences: It was my secretary who …

274

cleft sentences: What I need is a rest.

275

ellipsis (leaving words out): introduction

276

ellipsis with and, but and or 277 ellipsis at the beginning of a sentence

278 ellipsis in noun phrases 279 ellipsis after auxiliary verbs

280

ellipsis: infinitives

26

Written Texts

INTRODUCTION

281

formality 282 pronouns and other proforms

283 linking with conjunctions and adverbs 284 discourse markers in writing

285 reading complicated structures 286 paragraphs 287 repetition

288 academic writing 289 correspondence: letters

290 correspondence: emails, text messages, etc 291 abbreviated styles

292 headlines 293 punctuation: full stop, question mark and exclamation mark

294 punctuation: colon 295 punctuation: semi-colon

296 punctuation: comma 297 punctuation: dash

298

punctuation: quotation marks

27

Speech and Spoken Exchanges

INTRODUCTION

299

spoken sentence structure 300 avoiding repetition: Wonderful, isn’t it?

301 discourse markers in speech 302 declarative questions: That’s the boss?

303

rhetorical questions: Who cares?

304

echo questions: She’s invited how many?

305

question tags: basic information 306 question tags: advanced points

307 reply questions: Was it? Did you, dear? 308 short answers: Yes, he can, etc

309 so am I, neither do they, etc 310 politeness: using questions

311 politeness: distancing verb forms 312 politeness: softening expressions

313 pronunciation: stress and rhythm 314 pronunciation: intonation

315 pronunciation: weak and strong forms

xviii

28

Varieties of English

INTRODUCTION

316 standard English and dialects 317 correctness 318 changes in English 319 American and British English 320 other varieties of English

Vocabulary

29

Vocabulary Areas

INTRODUCTION

321 nationalities, countries and regions 322 numbers 323 talking about age

324 dates 325 telling the time 326 names and titles: Daniel; Mr Lewis

327 names: Florence, Homer, etc 328 gender (references to males and females)

329 ‘social’ language 33 meals 331 telephoning

332

idioms, collocations and formulaic expressions

333

formal and informal vocabulary 334 slang

335

discriminatory and offensive language

30

Word Formation and Spelling

INTRODUCTION

336

abbreviations 337 contractions: I’ll, don’t, etc 338 prefixes and suffixes

339 -ic and -ical 340 apostrophes 341 capital letters 342 hyphens

343 -ise and -ize 344 -able and -ible 345 -ly 346 final e

347 doubling final consonants 348 y and i 349 ch and tch, k and ck

350 ie and ei 351 spelling and pronunciation

31

Word Problems from A to Z 352-635

xix

Michael Swan is a writer specializing in English language teaching and reference materials. His interests include pedagogic grammar, mother-tongue influence in second language acquisition, and the relationship between applied linguistic theory and classroom language-teaching practice, and he has published a number of articles on these topics.

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