Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction by Paul R. Kroeger, ISBN-13: 978-0521016537

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Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction by Paul R. Kroeger, ISBN-13: 978-0521016537

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Cambridge University Press; Illustrated edition (June 20, 2005)
• Language: ‎ English
• 384 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0521016533
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0521016537

Analyzing Grammar is a clear introductory textbook on grammatical analysis, designed for students beginning to study the discipline. Covering both syntax (the structure of phrases and sentences) and morphology (the structure of words), it equips them with the tools and methods needed to analyze grammatical patterns in any language. Students are shown how to use standard notational devices such as phrase structure trees and word-formation rules, as well as prose descriptions. Emphasis is placed on comparing the different grammatical systems of the world’s languages, and students are encouraged to practice the analyses through a diverse range of problem sets and exercises. Topics covered include word order, constituency, case, agreement, tense, gender, pronoun systems, inflection, derivation, argument structure and grammatical relations, and a useful glossary provides a clear explanation of each term. Accessibly written and comprehensive, Analyzing Grammar is set to become a key text for all courses in grammatical analysis.

Table of Contents:

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Preface and acknowledgments

List of abbreviations

1 Grammatical form

1.1 Form, meaning, and use

1.2 Aspects of linguistic form

1.3 Grammar as a system of rules

1.4 Conclusion

2 Analyzing word structure

2.1 Identifying meaningful elements

2.1.1 Identifying word meanings

2.1.2 Identifying meaningful elements within words

2.1.3 Summary

2.2 Morphemes

2.2.1 Definition of “morpheme”

2.2.2 Different kinds of morphemes

2.3 Representing word structure

2.4 Analyzing position classes

2.5 A typology of word structure

Notes

3 Constituent structure

3.1 Ambiguity

3.2 Constituency

3.3 Hierarchy

3.4 Syntactic categories

3.4.1 Word-level (lexical) categories

3.4.2 Phrases and phrasal categories

3.5 Tree diagrams: representing the constituents of a clause

3.5.1 Phrase Structure diagrams

3.5.2 Constraints on tree structures

3.5.3 Phrase Structure rules

3.6 Pronouns and proper names as phrasal categories

3.7 Conclusion

Notes

4 Semantic roles and Grammatical Relations

4.1 Simple sentences and propositions

4.2 Arguments and semantic roles

4.3 Grammatical Relations

4.3.1 Subjects and objects

4.3.2 Terms vs. oblique arguments

4.4 Adjuncts vs. arguments

4.5 “Indirect objects” and secondary objects

4.6 Conclusion

Notes

5 Lexical entries and well-formed clauses

5.1 Lexical entries

5.2 Argument structure and subcategorization

5.2.1 Transitivity and valence

5.2.2 Valence alternations

5.3 Properties of a well-formed clause

5.3.1 Selectional restrictions

5.3.2 Subcategorization

5.3.3 Well-formedness conditions

5.3.4 Annotated Phrase Structure trees

5.4 Uniqueness of oblique arguments

5.5 Zero-anaphora (“pro-drop”)

5.6 Further notes on English Phrase Structure

5.7 Conclusion

Notes

6 Noun Phrases

6.1 Complements and adjuncts of N

6.2 Determiners

6.3 Adjectives and Adjective Phrases (AP)

6.4 Possession and recursion

6.4.1 Alienable vs. inalienable possession

6.4.2 Recursive rules

6.5 English NP structure (continued)

6.6 Conclusion

Notes

7 Case and agreement

7.1 Case

7.1.1 Grammatical case vs. semantic case

7.1.2 Ergativity

7.1.3 Split ergativity

7.2 Agreement

7.2.1 Verb agreement

7.2.2 Ergative agreement systems

7.2.3 Possessor agreement

7.2.4 Agreement with N

7.3 Conclusion

Notes

8 Noun classes and pronouns

8.1 Noun classes and gender

8.1.1 Gender systems

8.1.2 Classifier systems

8.1.3 Distinguishing gender from classifier systems

8.2 Pronouns

8.2.1 Anaphora vs. deixis

8.2.2 Reflexive vs. emphatic pronouns

8.2.3 Personal pronouns: agreement features

8.2.4 Examples of pronoun systems

8.2.5 Summary

Notes

9 Tense, Aspect, and Modality

9.1 Tense

9.1.1 How many tenses?

9.1.2 Absolute vs. relative tense (reference point)

9.2 Aspect

9.2.1 Lexical aspect

9.2.2 Morphological aspect

9.3 Perfect vs. perfective

9.4 Combinations of tense and aspect

9.5 Mood

9.6 Modality

9.7 Conclusion

Notes

10 Non-verbal predicates

10.1 Basic clause patterns with and without the copula

10.1.1 English: copula plus predicate complement

10.1.2 Tagalog: verbless clauses

10.2 Existential and possessive clauses

10.3 Cross-linguistic patterns

10.4 A note on “impersonal constructions”

10.5 Further notes on the predicate complement (XCOMP) relation

10.6 Conclusion

Notes

11 Special sentence types

11.1 Direct vs. indirect speech acts

11.2 Basic word order

11.3 Commands (imperative sentences)

11.4 Questions (interrogative sentences)

11.4.1 Yes–No questions

11.4.2 Content questions

11.4.3 Case studies

11.4.3.1 Mandarin

11.4.3.2 Huallaga Quechua

11.4.3.3 Russian

11.5 Negation

11.6 Conclusion

Notes

12 Subordinate clauses

12.1 Coordinate vs. subordinate clauses

12.2 Complement clauses

12.3 Direct vs. indirect speech

12.3.1 Indirect quotation

12.3.2 Direct quotation

12.4 Adjunct (or Adverbial) clauses

12.5 Relative clauses

12.5.1 Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses

12.5.2 Word order and morphology

12.5.2.1 Externally headed relative clauses

12.5.2.2 Internally headed relative clauses and related constructions

12.5.3 Relative pronoun vs. relativizer

12.5.4 Relativization strategies

12.5.5 Headless relatives and free relatives

12.6 Conclusion

Notes

13 Derivational morphology

13.1 Stems, roots, and compounds

13.2 Criteria for distinguishing inflection vs. derivation

13.3 Examples of derivational processes

13.3.1 Change in category with no change in meaning

13.3.2 Change in meaning with no change in category

13.3.3 Change in category with change in meaning

13.3.3.1 Nominalization

13.3.3.2 Verbalizers

13.3.3.3 Adjectivizers

13.4 Word structure revisited

13.4.1 Limitations of the position class chart

13.4.2 Word Formation Rules

13.5 Conclusion

Notes

14 Valence-changing morphology

14.1 Meaning-preserving alternations

14.1.1 Passive

14.1.2 Applicatives

14.1.3 Reflexives and reciprocals

14.2 Meaning-changing alternations

14.2.1 Causatives

14.2.2 Adversatives

14.3 Incorporation

14.4 Conclusion

Notes

15 Allomorphy

15.1 Suppletion

15.2 Morphophonemic changes

15.3 Rules for suppletive allomorphy

15.4 Inflectional classes

15.5 Conclusion

Notes

16 Non-linear morphology

16.1 Non-linear sequencing of affixes

16.1.1 Infixation

16.1.2 Circumfixes and other discontinuous morphemes

16.2 Modifications of phonological features

16.2.1 Mutation

16.2.2 “Suprafixes”

16.3 Copying, deleting, re-ordering, etc.

16.3.1 Reduplication

16.3.2 Subtractive morphology

16.3.3 Metathesis

16.4 Inflectional rules

16.5 Conclusion

Notes

17 Clitics

17.1 What is a “word?”

17.2 Types of clitics

17.2.1 Simple clitics

17.2.1.1 Bound words

17.2.1.2 Phrasal affixes

17.2.2 Special clitics

17.2.2.1 Second position clitics

17.2.2.2 Verbal clitics

17.3 Clitic pronouns or agreement?

17.4 Conclusion

Notes

Appendix: Swahili data for grammer sketch

Possible outline for grammar sketch

Data: Part A

Part B

Glossary

References

Language index

Subject index

Paul R. Kroeger is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Linguistics at the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics, Dallas.

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