Basic Mathematics by Serge Lang, ISBN-13: 978-0387967875

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Basic Mathematics by Serge Lang, ISBN-13: 978-0387967875

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Springer
• Language: ‎ English
• 496 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0387967877
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0387967875

This text in basic mathematics is ideal for high school or college students. It provides a firm foundation in basic principles of mathematics and thereby acts as a springboard into calculus, linear algebra and other more advanced topics. The information is clearly presented, and the author develops concepts in such a manner to show how one subject matter can relate and evolve into another.

The present book is intended as a text in basic mathematics. As such, it can have multiple use: for a one-year course in the high schools during the third or fourth year (if possible the third, so that calculus can be taken during the fourth year); for complementary reference in earlier high school grades (elementary algebra and geometry are covered); for a one-semester course at the college level, to review or to get a firm foundation in the basic mathematics to go ahead in calculus, linear algebra, or other topics.

Table of Contents:

PART I

ALGEBRA

Numbers

The integers . . . . 5

Rules for addition . . . . . 8

Rules for multiplication . . . . 14

Even and odd integers; divisibility . 22

Rational numbers . . . . . 26

Multiplicative inverses . . . 42

Linear Equations

Equations in two unknowns . 53

Equations in three unknowns 57

Real Numbers

Addition and multiplication . 61

Real numbers: positivity . 64

Powers and roots . . . . 70

Inequalities . . . 75

Quadratic Equations . 83

On Logic and Mathematical Expressions

On reading books . 93

Logic . . . . 94

Sets and elements . 99

Notation 100

PART II INTUITIVE GEOMETRY

Chapter 5 Distance and Angles

1 Distance 107

2 A n g le s ……………………….. 110

3 The Pythagoras theorem . 120

Chapter 6 Isometries

1 Some standard mappings of the plane . 133

2 Isometries………………………………………. 143

3 Composition of isometries . . . . 150

4 Inverse of isometries……………………….. 155

5 Characterization of isometries 163

6 Congruences . . . . 166

Chapter 7 Area and Applications

1 Area of a disc of radius r . . . . 173

2 Circumference of a circle of radius r 180

PART III COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Chapter 8 Coordinates and Geometry

1 Coordinate systems 191

2 Distance between points . 197

3 Equation of a circle 203

4 Rational points on a circle 206

Chapter 9 Operations on Points

1 Dilations and reflections…………………………………. 213

2 Addition, subtraction, and the parallelogram law . 218

Chapter 10 Segments, Rays, and Lines

1 Segments 229

2 Rays. . . . 231

3 L i n e s ……………………………. 236

4 Ordinary equation for a line . 246

Chapter 11 Trigonometry

1 Radian measure 249

2 Sine and cosine. 252

3 The graphs . 264

4 The tangent 266

CONTENTS

Addition formulas .

Rotations

Some Analytic Geometry

The straight line again

The parabola

The ellipse . . . .

The hyperbola .

Rotation of hyperbolas

MISCELLANEOUS

Functions

Definition of a function

Polynomial functions .

Graphs of functions

Exponential function .

Logarithms

Mappings

Definition . . . .

Formalism of mappings

Permutations

Complex Numbers

The complex plane

Polar form .

Induction and Summations

Induction

Summations

Geometric series

Determinants

M a t r i c e s

Determinants of order 2 .

Properties of 2 X 2 determinants

Determinants of order 3 .

Properties of 3 X 3 determinants

Cramer’s Rule

Index

Serge Lang (May 19, 1927 – September 12, 2005) was a French-American mathematician and activist who taught at Yale University for most of his career. He is known for his work in number theory and for his mathematics textbooks, including the influential Algebra. He received the Frank Nelson Cole Prize in 1960 and was a member of the Bourbaki group.

Lang was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, close to Paris, in 1927. He had a twin brother who became a basketball coach and a sister who became an actress. Lang moved with his family to California as a teenager, where he graduated in 1943 from Beverly Hills High School. He subsequently graduated with an AB from the California Institute of Technology in 1946. He then received a PhD in mathematics from Princeton University in 1951. He held faculty positions at the University of Chicago, Columbia University (from 1955, leaving in 1971 in a dispute), and Yale University.

Lang studied at Princeton University, writing his thesis titled “On quasi algebraic closure” under the supervision of Emil Artin, and then worked on the geometric analogues of class field theory and diophantine geometry. Later he moved into diophantine approximation and transcendental number theory, proving the Schneider–Lang theorem. A break in research while he was involved in trying to meet 1960s student activism halfway caused him (by his own description) difficulties in picking up the threads afterwards. He wrote on modular forms and modular units, the idea of a ‘distribution’ on a profinite group, and value distribution theory. He made a number of conjectures in diophantine geometry: Mordell–Lang conjecture, Bombieri–Lang conjecture, Lang–Trotter conjecture, and the Lang conjecture on analytically hyperbolic varieties. He introduced the Lang map, the Katz–Lang finiteness theorem, and the Lang–Steinberg theorem (cf. Lang’s theorem) in algebraic groups.

Lang was a prolific writer of mathematical texts, often completing one on his summer vacation. Most are at the graduate level. He wrote calculus texts and also prepared a book on group cohomology for Bourbaki. Lang’s Algebra, a graduate-level introduction to abstract algebra, was a highly influential text that ran through numerous updated editions. His Steele prize citation stated, “Lang’s Algebra changed the way graduate algebra is taught…It has affected all subsequent graduate-level algebra books.” It contained ideas of his teacher, Artin; some of the most interesting passages in Algebraic Number Theory also reflect Artin’s influence and ideas that might otherwise not have been published in that or any form.

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