Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice 10th Edition by Denise Polit, ISBN-13: 978-1975141851

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Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice 10th Edition by Denise Polit, ISBN-13: 978-1975141851

[PDF eBook eTextbook] – Available Instantly

• Publisher: ‎ LWW; Tenth, North American edition (March 18, 2021)
• Language: ‎ English
• ‎448 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1975141857
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1975141851

The world’s most widely used nursing research textbook, Essentials of Nursing Research, Tenth Edition equips students with everything they need to confidently apply research to nursing practice. AJN award-winning authors Denise Polit and Cheryl Beck clarify the language of nursing research and instill a practical understanding of nursing research fundamentals and the research process for both quantitative and qualitative studies — including design principles; sampling and data collection; criteria for assessing data quality; appraising the quality, rigor, and trustworthiness of studies; and approaches to understand the statistical results.

This updated edition incorporates the latest clinical insights and approaches to research to familiarize students with increasingly important considerations in today’s nursing practice, including the involvement of patients and stakeholders in translating research evidence to local settings; the appraisal of not only the rigor of research designs and methods but also the relevance and applicability of practice-based evidence; and the effective use of research in local quality improvement (QI) projects.

• UPDATED! New organization simplifies the presentation of complex topics and better facilitates the use of research evidence in nursing practice.
• Clear, approachable writing makes difficult ideas easily digestible, even to students with no prior knowledge of technical terms.
• Critical Appraisal Guidelines walk students through studies and highlight aspects amenable to evaluation by research consumers.
• Research Examples and Critical Thinking Exercises emphasize important points and sharpen students’ critical thinking skills.
• Tips help students confidently translate abstract notions of research methods into concrete applications.
• Colorful tables, figures, and examples engage students’ attention and reinforce their understanding.
• Chapter Objectives emphasize essential information in each chapter.
• Key Terms familiarize students with common research terms.
• Bulleted Summary Points highlight key takeaways at a glance.

Table of Contents:

Part I

Overview of Nursing Research and Its Role in Evidence-Based Practice

1 Introducing Nursing Research for Evidence-Based Practice

Nursing Research in Perspective

What Is Nursing Research?

The Importance of Research to Evidence-Based Nursing

Roles of Nurses in Research

Nursing Research: Past and Present

Current and Future Directions for Nursing Research

Knowledge Sources for Nursing Practice

Tradition and “Experts”

Clinical Experience and Trial and Error

Disciplined Research

Paradigms and Methods for Nursing Research

The Positivist Paradigm

Worldview of the Positivist Paradigm

The Scientific Method and Quantitative Research

The Constructivist Paradigm

Worldview of the Constructivist Paradigm

Constructivist Methods and Qualitative Research

Multiple Paradigms and Nursing Research

The Purposes of Nursing Research

Research for Varying Levels of Explanation

Research Purposes Linked to Evidence-Based Practice

Therapy/Intervention

Diagnosis and Assessment

Prognosis

Etiology (Causation)/Prevention of Harm

Description

Meaning and Processes

Links Between Study Purposes and Evidence-Based Practice

Basics of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice

Definition of Evidence-Based Practice

Best Evidence

Patient Preferences and Values

Nurses’ Clinical Expertise

Sources of “Best” Research Evidence

Evidence Hierarchies and Level of Evidence Scales

Asking Well-Worded Clinical Questions for Evidence-Based Practice

Assistance for Consumers of Nursing Research

2 Understanding Key Concepts and Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

The Building Blocks of Research

The Faces and Places of Research

Concepts, Constructs, and Theories

Variables

Characteristics of Variables

Dependent and Independent Variables

Conceptual and Operational Definitions

Data

Relationships

Major Classes of Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research: Experimental and Nonexperimental Studies

Qualitative Research: Disciplinary Traditions

Major Steps in a Quantitative Study

Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase

Step 1: Formulating and Delimiting the Problem

Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature

Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork

Step 4: Defining the Framework and Developing Conceptual Definitions

Step 5: Formulating Hypotheses

Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase

Step 6: Selecting a Research Design

Step 7: Developing Protocols for the Intervention

Step 8: Identifying the Population

Step 9: Designing the Sampling Plan

Step 10: Specifying Methods to Measure Research Variables

Step 11: Developing Methods to Safeguard Human/Animal Rights

Step 12: Reviewing and Finalizing the Research Plan

Phase 3: The Empirical Phase

Step 13: Collecting the Data

Step 14: Preparing the Data for Analysis

Phase 4: The Analytic Phase

Step 15: Analyzing the Data

Step 16: Interpreting the Results

Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase

Step 17: Communicating the Findings

Step 18: Putting the Evidence Into Practice

Activities in a Qualitative Study

Conceptualizing and Planning a Qualitative Study

Identifying the Research Problem

Doing a Literature Review

Selecting and Gaining Entrée Into Research Sites

Developing an Overall Approach

Addressing Ethical Issues

Conducting a Qualitative Study

General Questions in Reviewing a Study

3 Reading and Critically Appraising Research Articles

Types of Research Reports

The Content of Research Journal Articles

The Title and Abstract

The Introduction

The Method Section

The Results Section

The Discussion Section

References

The Style of Research Journal Articles

Why Are Research Articles so Hard to Read?

Tips on Reading Research Articles

Critically Appraising Research Reports

Research Critiques and Critical Appraisals

Critical Appraisal Support in This Textbook

Critical Appraisal With Key Research Challenges in Mind

Inference

Reliability, Validity, and Trustworthiness

Bias

Research Control

Bias Reduction: Randomness and Blinding

Reflexivity

Generalizability and Transferability

4 Attending to Ethics in Research

Ethics and Research

Historical Background

Codes of Ethics

Government Regulations for Protecting Study Participants

Ethical Dilemmas in Conducting Research

Ethical Principles for Protecting Study Participants

Beneficence

The Right to Freedom From Harm and Discomfort

The Right to Protection From Exploitation

Respect for Human Dignity

The Right to Self-Determination

The Right to Full Disclosure

Justice

The Right to Fair Treatment

The Right to Privacy

Procedures for Protecting Study Participants

Risk/Benefit Assessments

Informed Consent

Confidentiality Procedures

Anonymity

Confidentiality in the Absence of Anonymity

Debriefings and Referrals

Treatment of Vulnerable Groups

External Reviews and the Protection of Human Rights

Ethical Issues in Using Animals in Research

Critically Appraising the Ethical Aspects of a Study

Part 2

Preliminary Steps in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

5 Identifying Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

Overview of Research Problems

Basic Terminology

Research Problems and Paradigms

Sources of Research Problems

Development and Refinement of Research Problems

Communicating Research Problems and Questions

Problem Statements

Statements of Purpose

Research Questions

Research Questions in Quantitative Studies

Research Questions in Qualitative Studies

Research Hypotheses

Function of Hypotheses in Quantitative Research

Characteristics of Testable Hypotheses

Wording of Hypotheses

Hypothesis Testing and Proof

Critical Appraisal of Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

6 Finding and Reviewing Research Evidence in the Literature

Basic Issues Relating to Literature Reviews

Purposes of Research Literature Reviews

Types of Information to Seek for a Research Review

Major Steps and Strategies in Doing a Literature Review

Locating Relevant Literature for a Research Review

Developing a Search Strategy

Searching Bibliographic Databases

Getting Started With an Electronic Search

The CINAHL Database

The MEDLINE Database

Google Scholar

Screening, Documentation, and Abstracting

Screening and Gathering References

Documentation in Literature Retrieval

Extracting and Recording Information

Critical Appraisal of the Evidence

Appraising Studies for a Review

Analyzing and Synthesizing Evidence

Preparing a Written Literature Review

Organizing a Written Review

Writing a Literature Review

Content of the Written Literature Review

Style of a Research Review

Critical Appraisal of Research Literature Reviews

7 Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

Theories, Models, and Frameworks

Theories

Models

Frameworks

The Nature of Theories and Conceptual Models

Conceptual Models and Theories Used in Nursing Research

Conceptual Models of Nursing

Middle-Range Theories Developed by Nurses

Other Models Used by Nurse Researchers

Using a Theory or Framework in Research

Theories and Qualitative Research

Theories in Quantitative Research

Critical Appraisal of Frameworks in Research Reports

Part 3

Designs and Methods for Quantitative and Qualitative Nursing Research

8 Appraising Quantitative Research Design

Overview of Research Design Issues

Key Research Design Features

Causality

Research Questions and Research Design

Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Nonexperimental Designs

Experimental Design: Randomized Controlled Trials

Characteristics of True Experiments

Experimental Designs

Experimental and Control Conditions

Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments

Quasi-Experiments

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Advantages and Disadvantages of Quasi-Experiments

Nonexperimental Studies

Types of Nonexperimental/Observational Studies

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonexperimental Research

The Time Dimension in Research Design

Cross-Sectional Designs

Longitudinal Designs

Techniques of Research Control

Controlling the Study Context

Controlling Participant Factors

Randomization

Homogeneity

Matching

Statistical Control

Evaluation of Control Methods

Characteristics of Good Design

Statistical Conclusion Validity

Internal Validity

Threats to Internal Validity

Internal Validity and Research Design

External Validity

Construct Validity

Critical Appraisal of Quantitative Research Designs

9 Appraising Sampling and Data Collection in Quantitative Studies

Sampling in Quantitative Research

Basic Sampling Concepts

Populations

Samples and Sampling

Strata

Sampling Designs in Quantitative Studies

Nonprobability Sampling

Probability Sampling

Evaluation of Nonprobability and Probability Sampling

Sample Size in Quantitative Studies

Critical Appraisal of Sampling Plans

Data Collection in Quantitative Research

Overview of Data Collection and Data Sources

Self-Reports/Patient-Reported Outcomes

Question Form and Wording

Interviews Versus Questionnaires

Summated Rating Scales

Evaluation of Self-Report Methods

Observational Methods

Methods of Structured Observation

Observational Sampling

Evaluation of Observational Methods

Biomarkers

Data Quality in Quantitative Research

Reliability

Validity

Critical Appraisal of Data Collection Methods

10 Appraising Qualitative Designs and Approaches

The Design of Qualitative Studies

Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design

Qualitative Design Features

Intervention, Control, and Blinding

Comparisons

Research Settings

Time Frames

Causality and Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research Traditions

Ethnography

Phenomenology

Descriptive Phenomenology

Interpretive Phenomenology

Grounded Theory

Grounded Theory Methods

Alternate Views of Grounded Theory

Other Types of Qualitative Research

Case Studies

Narrative Analyses

Descriptive Qualitative Studies

Research With Ideological Perspectives

Critical Theory

Feminist Research

Participatory Action Research

Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Designs

11 Appraising Sampling and Data Collection in Qualitative Studies

Sampling in Qualitative Research

The Logic of Qualitative Sampling

Types of Qualitative Sampling

Convenience and Snowball Sampling

Purposive Sampling

Theoretical Sampling

Sample Size in Qualitative Research

Sampling in the Three Main Qualitative Traditions

Sampling in Ethnography

Sampling in Phenomenological Studies

Sampling in Grounded Theory Studies

Critically Appraising Qualitative Sampling Plans

Data Collection in Qualitative Studies

Qualitative Self-Report Techniques

Types of Qualitative Self-Reports

Gathering Qualitative Self-Report Data

Evaluation of Qualitative Self-Report Methods

Qualitative Observational Methods

The Observer-Participant Role in Participant Observation

Gathering Participant Observation Data

Recording Observations

Evaluation of Unstructured Observational Methods

Critical Appraisal of Unstructured Data Collection

12 Understanding Mixed Methods Research, Quality Improvement, and Other Special Types of Research

Mixed Methods Research

Rationale for Mixed Method Research

Purposes and Applications of Mixed Methods Research

Mixed Method Designs and Strategies

Design Decisions and Notation

Specific Mixed Methods Designs

Sampling and Data Collection in Mixed Methods Research

Quality Improvement

Features of Quality Improvement and Improvement Science

Quality Improvement Planning Tools

Quality Improvement Approaches

Other Special Types of Research

Intervention Research

Clinical Trials

Evaluation Research

Nursing Intervention Research

Comparative Effectiveness Research

Health Services and Outcomes Research

Survey Research

A Few Other Types of Research

Critical Appraisal of Studies Described in this Chapter

Part 4

Analysis, Interpretation, and Application of Nursing Research

13 Understanding Statistical Analysis of Quantitative Data

Levels of Measurement

Descriptive Statistics

Frequency Distributions

Central Tendency

Variability

Bivariate Descriptive Statistics

Crosstabulations

Correlation

Describing Risk

Absolute Risk

Absolute Risk Reduction

Odds Ratio

Number Needed to Treat

Introduction to Inferential Statistics

Sampling Distributions

Parameter Estimation

Hypothesis Testing

Type I and Type II Errors

Level of Significance

Tests of Statistical Significance

Overview of Hypothesis Testing Procedures

Bivariate Statistical Tests

t-Tests

Analysis of Variance

Chi-Squared Test

Correlation Coefficients

Effect Size Indexes

Guide to Bivariate Statistical Tests

Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Multiple Regression

Analysis of Covariance

Logistic Regression

Measurement Statistics

Reliability Assessment

Validity Assessment

Content Validity

Criterion Validity

Construct Validity

Reading and Understanding Statistical Information

Tips on Reading Text With Statistical Information

Tips on Reading Statistical Tables

Critical Appraisal of Quantitative Analyses

14 Interpreting Quantitative Findings and Evaluating Clinical Significance

Interpretation of Quantitative Results

Aspects of Interpretation

Inference and Interpretation

The Interpretive Mindset

Credibility of Quantitative Results

Proxies and Interpretation

Credibility and Validity

Credibility and Bias

Credibility and Corroboration

Other Aspects of Interpretation

Precision of the Results

Magnitude of Effects and Importance

The Meaning of Quantitative Results

Interpreting Hypothesized Results

Interpreting Nonsignificant Results

Interpreting Unhypothesized Significant Results

Generalizability and Applicability of the Results

Implications of the Results

Clinical Significance

Clinical Significance at the Group Level

Clinical Significance at the Individual Level

Conceptual Definitions of Clinical Significance

Operationalizing Clinical Significance: Establishing the Minimal Important Change Benchmark

Critical Appraisal of Interpretations

15 Understanding the Analysis of Qualitative Data

Introduction to Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Data Management and Organization

Developing a Coding Scheme

Coding Qualitative Data

Methods of Organizing Qualitative Data

Analytic Procedures

A General Analytic Overview

Qualitative Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis

Ethnographic Analysis

Phenomenological Analysis

Grounded Theory Analysis

Glaser’s Grounded Theory Method

Strauss and Corbin’s Approach

Constructivist Grounded Theory Approach

Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Analysis

16 Appraising Trustworthiness and Integrity in Qualitative Research

Perspectives on Quality in Qualitative Research

Debates About Rigor and Validity

Generic Versus Specific Standards

Terminology Proliferation and Confusion

Lincoln and Guba’s Quality Criteria

Credibility

Dependability

Confirmability

Transferability

Authenticity

Strategies to Enhance Quality in Qualitative Inquiry

Quality-Enhancement Strategies During Data Collection

Prolonged Engagement and Persistent Observation

Reflexivity Strategies

Data and Method Triangulation

Comprehensive and Vivid Recording of Information

Member Checking

Strategies Relating to Coding and Analysis

Investigator Triangulation

Searching for Disconfirming Evidence and Competing Explanations

Peer Review and Debriefing

Inquiry Audits

Strategies Relating to Presentation

Thick and Contextualized Description

Researcher Credibility

Interpretation of Qualitative Findings

The Credibility of Qualitative Results

The Meaning of Qualitative Results

The Importance of Qualitative Results

The Transferability of Qualitative Results

The Implications of Qualitative Results

Critical Appraisal of Quality and Integrity in Qualitative Studies

17 Learning From Systematic Reviews

Research Integration and Synthesis

Systematic Reviews of Quantitative Evidence

Basics of Meta-Analysis

Advantages of Meta-Analysis

Criteria for Undertaking a Meta-Analysis

Steps in a Quantitative Systematic Review

Formulation of the Review Question

The Design of a Quantitative Systematic Review

The Search for Evidence in the Literature

Evaluations of Study Quality

Extraction and Encoding of Data for Analysis

Calculation of Effects in Meta-Analyses

Analysis of Data in a Meta-Analysis

Assessment of Degree of Confidence: GRADE

Systematic Reviews of Qualitative Evidence

Aggregative and Interpretive Qualitative Reviews

Aggregative Qualitative Reviews

Interpretive Qualitative Reviews

Metasynthesis

Preliminary Steps in a Metasynthesis

Data Analysis and Interpretation in Metasynthesis

Meta-Aggregation

Preliminary Steps in a Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Evidence Synthesis

Analysis Through Meta-Aggregation

Assessment of Confidence

Critical Appraisal of Systematic Reviews

18 Putting Research Evidence Into Practice: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence

Evidence-Based Practice and Related Concepts

Resources for Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing

Preprocessed and Pre-Appraised Evidence

Models of the Evidence-Based Practice Process

Individual and Organizational Evidence-Based Practice

Major Steps in Evidence-Based Practice

Step 2: Acquire Research Evidence

Step 3: Appraise the Evidence

Evidence Quality

Magnitude of Effects

Quantity and Consistency of Evidence

Applicability

Actions Based on Evidence Appraisals

Step 4: Apply the Evidence

Step 5: Assess the Outcomes of the Practice Change

Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence

Evidence-Based Practice and Population Models of Evidence

Evidence-Based Practice and External Validity

Generalizability, Applicability, and Relevance

New Directions in Health Care Research

Comparative Effectiveness Research

Pragmatic Clinical Trials

Subgroup Analyses

Precision/Personalized Health Care

Concluding Thoughts on Practice-Based Evidence

Critical Appraisal of Applicability, Relevance, and Generalizability

Appendix A Swenson et al., Parents’ Use of Praise and Criticism in a Sample of Young Children Seeking Mental Health Services

Appendix B Beck and Watson, Posttraumatic Growth After Birth Trauma: “I Was Broken, Now I Am Unbreakable”

Appendix C Bail et al., Cancer-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Intervention Adherence Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Mixed Methods Study

Appendix D Wilson et al., A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Individualized Preoperative Education Intervention for Symptom Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Critical Appraisal of Wilson and Colleagues’ Study

Glossary

Index

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