Foundation Design: Principles and Practices 3rd Edition by Donald Coduto, ISBN-13: 978-0133411898

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Foundation Design: Principles and Practices 3rd Edition by Donald Coduto, ISBN-13: 978-0133411898

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• Publisher: ‎ Pearson; 3rd edition (January 12, 2015)
• Language: ‎ English
• 984 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0133411893
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0133411898

For graduate and undergraduate courses in Foundation Engineering.

Table of Contents:

Contents

Preface

What is new in this Edition

Notation and Units of Measurement

Part A General Principles

1 Foundations

1.1 Foundation Classification

1.2 The Emergence of Modern Foundation Engineering

The Eiffel Tower

Chicago

San ­Francisco–​­Oakland Bay Bridge

1.3 The Foundation Engineer

1.4 Codes, Standards, and Technical Literature

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

2 Uncertainty and Risk in Foundation Design

2.1 Sources and Types of Uncertainty

2.2 Probability Theory

Basic Elements of Probability

Mathematical Expectation

Dispersion or Variability

Useful Probability Density Functions

Normal or Gaussian Distribution

Solution

­Log-​­normal Distribution

Functions of Normally and ­Log-​­normally Distributed Random Variables

Solution

2.3 Failure, Reliability, and Risk

Formulating the Probability of Failure: Safety Factor and Safety Margin

Solution

Acceptable Levels of Risk

2.4 Applying Reliability Theory in Practice

­Reliability-​­Based Design

Deterministic Safety ­Factor-​­Based Methods

Allowable Stress Design

Solution

Commentary

Solution

Load and Resistance Factor Design

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Section 2.1: Types of Uncertainty

Section 2.2: Probability Theory

Section 2.3: Failure, Reliability, and Risk

Section 2.4: Applying Reliability Theory in Practice

3 Soil Mechanics

3.1 Review and Nomenclature

­Weight-​­Volume Relationships

Relative Density

3.2 Soil Classification

Unified Soil Classification System

Cohesive Versus Cohesionless Soils

Other Geomaterials

3.3 Stress

Geostatic Stresses

Horizontal Stress

Solution

Induced Stresses

Boussinesq’s Method

Solution

Solution

Chart Solutions

Approximate Methods

Numerical Analyses

3.4 Compressibility and Settlement

Physical Processes

Fundamentals of Computing Settlement

­Stress-​­Strain Models for Soils

Modulus Based Method

­e-​­Log-​­p Method

Computing Foundation Settlement

Modulus Based Method

Solution

Comments

­e-​­log-​­p Method

Solution

Comments

Other Factors Affecting Settlement

3.5 Shear Strength

Drained and Undrained Conditions

Volume Change During Loading

Volume Change Due to Mean Normal Stress

Volume Change Due to Deviator Stress

The Drained Condition

The Undrained Condition

Intermediate Drainage Conditions

­Mohr–​­Coulomb Failure Criterion

Effective Stress Analyses

Total Stress Analyses

Shear Strength of Saturated Cohesionless Soils

Shear Strength of Saturated Cohesive Soils

Sensitivity

Shear Strength of Saturated Intermediate Soils

Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils

3.6 Lateral Earth Pressures

Rankine’s Theory for Cohesionless Soils

Assumptions

Active Condition

Passive Condition

Displacements Required to Mobilize Active and Passive Pressure

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Section 3.1 Review and Nomenclature

Section 3.3 Stress

Section 3.4 Compressibility and Settlement

Section 3.5 Shear Strength

Section 3.6 Lateral Earth Pressures

Comprehensive

4 Subsurface Investigation and Characterization

4.1 Site Investigation

Background Literature Search

Field Reconnaissance

Subsurface Exploration and Sampling

Exploratory Borings

Soil Sampling

Groundwater Monitoring

Exploratory Trenches

4.2 Laboratory Testing

Consolidation (Oedometer) Tests

Test Procedure and Results

Laboratory Shear Strength Tests

Direct Shear Test

Unconfined Compression Test

Triaxial Compression Test

4.3 ­In ­Situ Testing

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Test Procedure

Corrections to the Test Data

Uses of SPT Data

Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

Uses of CPT Data

Corrected CPT Parameters

Normalized CPT Parameters

Correlation with Soil Behavior Type

Correlation with SPT ­N-​­Value

Solution

Dilatometer Test

Correlation with Soil Type

Vane Shear Test (VST)

Pressuremeter Test (PMT)

Becker Penetration Test

Comparison of ­In Situ Test Methods

4.4 Determination of Soil Properties for Foundation Design

General Soil Properties

Unit Weight

Overconsolidation Ratio

Correlation with SPT Data

Correlation with CPT Data

Correlation with DMT Data

Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest

Correlation with CPT Data

Correlation with DMT Data

Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils

Correlation with SPT Data

Correlation with CPT Data

Strength Properties

Undrained Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils

Correlation with VST Data

Correlation with CPT Data

Correlation with DMT Data

Drained Strength of Cohesionless Soils

Correlation with SPT Data

Solution

Correlation with CPT Data

Correlation with DMT Data

­Stress-​­Strain Properties

Poisson’s Ratio

Undrained elastic modulus of cohesive soils

Drained modulus of cohesive soils

Drained Modulus of Cohesionless Soils

Correlation with SPT Data

Drained modulus of cohesive and cohesionless soils

Correlation with DMT Data

Correlation with CPT Data

Compression Index (­e­ -​­log-​­p Model)

4.4 Synthesis of Field and Laboratory Data

Uncertainty in Measured Properties

Selection of Characteristic Values of Soil Properties

4.5 Economics

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

5 Performance Requirements

5.1 Types of Failure and Limit States

5.2 Ultimate Limit States

Allowable Stress Design

Ultimate Strength Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design

Geotechnical Ultimate Limit States

Structural Ultimate Limit States

Types and Sources of Loads

Load Combinations

Load Combinations for ASD

Load Combinations for LRFD

Foundation Loads or Demands

Solution

Solution

5.3 Serviceability Limit States

­Deformation-​­Related Serviceability Limits

Settlement

Structural Response to Settlement

Total Settlement

Differential Settlement

Solution

Rate of Settlement

Heave

Tilt

Lateral Movement

Vibration

Design Loads for Serviceability Analyses

­Durability-​­Related Serviceability Limits

Corrosion of Steel

Sulfate Attack on Concrete

Decay of Timber

5.4 Constructability Requirements

5.5 Economic Requirements

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Section 5.1: Types of Failure and Limit States

Section 5.2: Ultimate Limit States

Section 5.3: Serviceability Limit States

Part B Shallow Foundation Analysis and Design

6 Shallow Foundations

6.1 Spread Footings

Footing Types

Materials

Construction Methods

6.2 Mats

6.3 Bearing Pressure

Distribution of Bearing Pressure

Computation of Bearing Pressure

Solution

Solution

Net Bearing Pressure

Foundations with Eccentric or Moment Loads

­One-​­Way Eccentric or Moment Loading

Solution

­Two-​­Way Eccentric or Moment Loading

Solution

Equivalent Uniformly Loaded Footing

Solution

Discussion

6.4 Presumptive Allowable Bearing Pressures

Solution

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Section 6.1 Spread Footings

Section 6.3 Bearing Pressure

Section 6.4 Presumptive Allowable Bearing Pressure

7 Spread Footings—Geotechnical ­Ultimate Limit States

7.1 Bearing Capacity

7.2 Bearing Capacity Analyses in ­Soil—​­general Shear Case

Methods of Analyzing Bearing Capacity

Simple Bearing Capacity Formula

Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Formulas

Solution

Solution

Vesić’s Bearing Capacity Formulas

Shape Factors

Depth Factors

Load Inclination Factors

Base Inclination Factors

Ground Inclination Factors

Bearing Capacity Factors

7.3 Groundwater Effects

Apparent Cohesion

Pore Water Pressure

Solution

7.4 Selection of Soil Strength Parameters

Degree of Saturation and Location of Groundwater Table

Drained Versus Undrained Strength

7.5 Design of Spread Footings Against Bearing Capacity Failure

ASD Method

Solution

Solution

Load and Resistance Factor Design Method

Solution

7.6 Bearing Capacity Analysis in ­Soil—​­Local and Punching Shear Cases

7.7 Bearing Capacity on Layered Soils

Solution

Commentary

7.8 Bearing Capacity of Footings on or Near Slopes

7.9 Accuracy of Bearing Capacity Analyses

7.10 Design of Spread Footings Against Sliding Failure

Sources of Shear Resistance

Allowable Strength Design Method

Cohesionless Soils

Solution

Cohesive Soils

Load and Resistance Factor Design Method

Cohesionless Soils

Cohesive Soils

Solution

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Sections 7.1 to 7.5: Bearing Capacity and Footing Design

Section 7.10: Design of Spread Footings Against Sliding Failure

Comprehensive

8 Spread ­Footings—​­Geotechnical ­Serviceability Limit States

8.1 Design Requirements

8.2 Modulus Based Methods of Computing Settlement

Simple Elastic Solutions for Settlement

Drained versus undrained deformation

Solution

Commentary

Generalized Elastic Methods for Computing Settlement

Solution

Solution

Commentary

Incremental Constrained Modulus Method

Solution

Commentary

Schmertmann’s Method

Strain Influence Factor

Analysis Procedure

Solution

8.3 ­e-Log-​­p Based Method of Computing Settlement

Computation of Effective Stresses

Foundation Rigidity Effects

Settlement Computation

Solution

Solution

General Methodology

8.4 Differential Settlement

Computing Differential Settlement of Spread Footings

Alleviating Differential Settlement Problems

Solution

Mats

8.5 Rate of Settlement

Clays

Sands

8.6 Accuracy of Settlement Predictions

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Section 8.2: Modulus Based Methods of Computing Settlement

Section 8.3: e-log-p Based Method of Computing Settlement

Section 8.4: Differential Settlement

Comprehensive

9 Spread ­Footings—​­Geotechnical Design

9.1 Individual Footing Design Approach

Footing Depth

Footing Width

Serviceability Limits

Ultimate Strength ­Limit—​­Bearing Capacity

Communicating Requirements

Footings Subject to Moments or Eccentric Loads

Lateral Capacity

9.2 Design Chart Approach

Footing Depth

Footing Width

Serviceability Limits

Ultimate Strength ­Limits—​­Bearing Capacity

Communicating Requirements

Lateral Capacity

9.3 Allowable Bearing Pressure Approach

Limitations of the Allowable Bearing Pressure Approach

Solution

Process for Computing the Allowable Bearing Pressure

ASD

Computing Allowable Bearing ­Pressures—​­ASD

Applying Allowable Bearing ­Pressures—​­ASD

Using a Single Allowable Bearing ­Pressure—​­ASD

Solution Part 1: Compute allowable bearing pressures

Solution Part 2: Compute required footing width

Commentary

LRFD

Computing Allowable Bearing ­Pressures—​­LRFD

Applying Allowable Bearing ­Pressures—​­LRFD

Summary

9.4 Rectangular and Combined Footings

9.5 Special Seismic Considerations

9.6 Lightly-Loaded Footings

Presumptive Allowable Bearing Pressures

Minimum Dimensions

Potential Problems

9.7 Footings on or near Slopes

9.8 Footings on Frozen Soils

Frost Heave

Permafrost

9.9 Footings on Soils Prone to Scour

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Section 9.1: Design for Isolated Footings

Section 9.2: Rectangular and Combined Footings

Section 9.4: Lightly Loaded Footings

Section 9.5: Footings on or Near Slopes

Section 9.6: Lightly Loaded Footings

Comprehensive

10 Spread ­Footings—​­Structural Design

10.1 Selection of Materials

10.2 Footing Behavior and Design Methods

10.3 Design Methodology

Demand

Capacity

Design Process

10.4 Minimum Cover Requirements and Standard Dimensions

10.5 Square Footings

Designing for Shear

­Two-​­Way Shear

­One-​­Way Shear

Solution

Designing for Flexure

Flexural Design Standards

Reinforcing Steel

Flexural Design Principles

Development Length

Application to Spread Footings

Principles

Steel Area

Development Length

Solution

10.6 Continuous Footings

Designing for Shear

Designing for Flexure

Solution

10.7 Rectangular Footings

10.8 Combined Footings

10.9 Lightly Loaded Footings

10.10 Connections with the Superstructure

Connections with Columns

Concrete or Masonry Columns

Design for Column Bearing Loads

Design for Moment Loads

Design for Shear Loads

Splices

Steel Columns

Design Principles

Selection and Sizing of Anchor Bolts

Anchorage

Shear Transfer

Solution

Wood Columns

Connections with Walls

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Sections 10.1–10.4: Materials, Behavior, Design Methods, and Cover

Section 10.5: Square Footings

Section 10.6: Continuous Footings

Sections 10.7 & 10.8: Rectangular and Combined Footings

Section 10.10: Connections with the Superstructure

Comprehensive Questions

11 Mats

11.1 Configuration

11.2 Geotechnical Ultimate Limit States

11.3 Geotechnical Serviceability Limit States

11.4 Compensated Mats

Solution

11.5 Rigid Methods

11.6 Nonrigid Methods

Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction

Winkler Method

Coupled Method

Pseudo-Coupled Method

Solution

Multiple-Parameter Method

Finite Element Method

11.7 Structural Design

General Methodology

Closed-Form Solutions

Finite Element Method

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Part C Deep Foundation Analysis and Design

12 Deep Foundation Systems and Construction Methods

12.1 Deep Foundation Types and Terminologyx

12.2 Driven Piles

History

Materials

Timber Piles

Steel Piles

­H-​­Piles

Pipe Piles

Driven Concrete Piles

­Concrete-​­Filled Steel Pipe Piles

Plastic Composite Piles

Pile Driving Methods and Equipment

­Pile ​­Driving Rigs

Hammers

Drop Hammers

Steam, Pneumatic, and Hydraulic Hammers

Diesel Hammers

Appurtenances

Vibratory Hammers

Predrilling, Jetting, and Spudding

Pile Arrangements and Geometries

12.3 Drilled Shafts

12.4 Auger Piles

Auger Cast in Place (ACIP) Piles

Drilled Displacement Piles

12.5 Other Pile Types

Jacked Piles

­Pressure-​­Injected Footings (Franki Piles)

Phase 1: Driving

Phase 2: Forming the Base

Phase 3: Building the Shaft

Micropiles

Helical Piles

Anchors

12.6 Caissons

Open Caissons

Pneumatic Caissons

12.7 Pile-​Supported and Pile​­Enhanced Mats

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

13 ­Piles—​­Load Transfer and Limit States

13.1 Axial Load Transfer

Downward (Compressive) Loads

Upward (Tensile) Loads

Contact Areas At and As

­Closed-​­Section Piles

­Open-​­Section Piles

Unit Capacities

Ultimate Limit States

Geotechnical Ultimate Limit State

Allowable Stress Design Methodology

Load and Resistance Factor Design Methodology

Structural ultimate limit state

Serviceability Limit States

Mobilization of Soil Resistance

13.2 Lateral Load Transfer

13.3 Installation Effects

Driven Piles

Effects on Cohesive Soils

Effects on Cohesionless Soils

Drilled Shafts

Auger Piles

Downdrag or Negative Skin Friction

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

14 ­Piles—​­Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Load Tests

14.1 Objectives

14.2 Conventional Static Pile Load Tests

Equipment

Procedure

Maintained Load Test

Quick Test

14.3 Interpretation of Test Results

Modulus of Elasticity

Steel

Concrete

Timber

Davisson Method

Solution

Brinch Hansen Method

Solution

Solution

Load Transfer Indicators

14.4 Instrumented Static Pile Load Tests

Instrumentation Using Strain Gages

Solution

Commentary

Instrumentation Using Telltale Rods

Solution

Commentary

Residual Stresses

14.5 Osterberg Load Tests (­O-​­Cell)

14.6 Dynamic Axial Load Tests

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

15 Driven ­Piles—​­Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Analysis Methods

15.1 Toe Bearing

Cohesionless Soils

Maximum Values

Solution

Cohesive Soils

15.2 Side Friction

Effective Stress Analyses

Principles

β Method

Maximum Value

Solution

Solution

Total Stress Analyses (α Method)

Solution

Silts

Long Piles

15.3 Analyses Based on the Cone Penetration Test

LCPC Method

Toe Bearing

Side Friction

Accuracy

Eslami and Fellenius Method

Basis

Toe Bearing

Side Friction

Accuracy

Solution

15.4 Upward Capacity

Solution

15.5 Group Effects

Interactions Among Piles

Cohesionless soils

Cohesive Soils

Block Failure

Upward Capacity of Pile Groups

15.6 Unusual Soils

15.7 Setup and Relaxation

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Sections 15.1-15.2: Introduction, Toe Bearing and Side Friction

Section 15.3: Analyses Based on CPT

Section 15.4: Upward Capacity

Section 15.5: Group Capacity

Section 15.7

Comprehensive

16 Drilled ­Shafts—​­Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Analysis Methods

16.1 Toe Bearing

Cohesionless Soils

Cohesive Soils

16.2 Side Friction

Cohesionless Soils

Solution

Cohesive Soils

Solution

16.3 Upward Load Capacity

16.4 Analyses Based on CPT Results

16.5 Group Effects

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

17 Auger ­Piles—​­Axial Load Capacity Based on Static Analysis Methods

17.1 Augered Cast-In-Place Piles (ACIP)

Toe Bearing

Side Friction

Upward Capacity

Analyses Based on CPT

Group Effects

Solution

17.2 Drilled Displacement (DD) Piles

Amelioration

Group Effects

Solution

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

18 Other Pile ­Types—​­Axial Load Capacity

18.1 Jacked Piles

18.2 Pressure-Injected Footings (Franki Piles)

Toe Bearing

Side Friction

18.3 Micropiles

18.4 Helical Piles

Individual Bearing Failure

Cylindrical Shear Failure

Minimum Embedment

Augering

­Torque-​­Based Methods

Factor of Safety

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

19 Deep ­Foundations—​­Axial Load ­Capacity Based on Dynamic Methods

19.1 Pile Driving Formulas

Typical Pile Driving Formulas

Inaccuracy of Pile Driving Formulas

19.2 Wave Equation Analyses

Wave Propagation Fundamentals

Energy Transfer in Pile Driving

Modeling Pile Driving

Hammer Models

Pile Models

Cushion Models

Soil Model

Numerical Solution Process

Wave Equation Analysis Software

Preliminary Hammer Selection

Developing a Bearing Graph Using Wave Equation Analysis

Analyses of Driving Stresses and Selection of Optimal Driving Equipment

Freeze (Setup) or Relaxation Effects

19.3 ­High-​­Strain Dynamic Testing

Short Duration ­High-​­Strain Dynamic Tests

The Case Method

Wave Matching Method

Tests Using Drop Hammers

Force Pulse Load Tests

Statnamic® Test System

Drop Hammer Systems

Unloading Point Analysis Method

Modification to UP to Account for ­Non-​­rigid Body Motion

Adjustments for Tests in Cohesive Soils

Application of ­High-​­strain Dynamic and Force Pulse Load Tests

19.4 Conclusions

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

20 ­Piles—​­Serviceability Limit States

20.1 Design Load

20.2 Settlement Analysis Based on Load Tests

20.3 Mobilization of Pile Capacity

Side Friction

Toe Bearing

Elastic Compression

Synthesis

Solution

Results and Commentary

20.4 The ­t-​­z Method

20.5 Simplified Static Analysis Methods

Solution

Commentary

20.6 Settlement of Pile Groups

Equivalent Footing Method

Solution

Numerical Analyses

20.7 Equivalent Spring Model

20.8 Other Sources of Settlement

20.9 Other Serviceabilty Considerations

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

21 ­Piles—​­Structural Design

21.1 Design Philosophy

Buckling

Comparison with Superstructure Design

21.2 Design Criteria

ASD

LRFD

21.3 Driven Piles

Timber Piles

Steel Piles

Solution

Code Note

­Concrete-​­Filled Steel Pipe Piles

Prestressed Concrete Piles

Axial Loading

Combined Axial and Flexural Loading

Standard Designs

Handling Stresses

Solution

Driving Stresses

21.4 Drilled Shafts and Auger Piles

Material Properties

Concrete Cover

Axial Loading

Combined Axial and Flexural Loading

21.5 Pile Caps

21.6 Seismic Design

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

22 Laterally Loaded Piles

22.1 Battered Piles

22.2 Response to Lateral Loads

Short Versus Long Piles

­Soil-​­Structure Interaction

Solution

Commentary

End Restraints

22.3 Methods of Evaluating Lateral Load Capacity

22.4 Rigid Pile Analyses

Broms’ Method

Cohesive Soils

Cohesionless Soils

Solution

22.5 Nonrigid Pile Analyses

Finite Element Method

­p-​­y Method

22.6 ­p-​­y Curves for Isolated Piles

Clays

Soft Clay

Solution

Other Clays

Sands

Selection of ­p-​­y Curves

­p-​­y Curves Directly from ­In ​­Situ Tests

22.7 Lateral Load Tests

Static Lateral Load Tests

Lateral Statnamic Test

22.8 Group Effects

­p-​­Multipliers

Shear Load Distribution and ­Load-​­Deformation Behavior

Passive Resistance on Pile Cap

End Restraints

22.9 Depth to Fixity Method

22.10 Improving Lateral Capacity

22.11 Synthesis

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Sections 22.1 to 22.2: Introduction and Response to Lateral Loads

Sections 22.3 to 22.5: Methods of Evaluation and Rigid & NonRigid Pile Analysis

Section 22.6: ­p-​­y Curves for Isolated Piles

Section 22.8: Group Effects

23 ­Piles—​­The Design Process

23.1 Unstable Conditions

Scour

Downdrag

­Seismically-​­Induced Liquefaction

Landslides

23.2 Pile Type and Configuration

23.3 Required Axial Pile Capacity

23.4 Geotechnical Design

Lateral Load Analysis and Design

Axial Load Analysis and Design

First Trial Design

Static Load Testing

Dynamic Load Testing

23.5 Structural Design

23.6 Verification and Redesign During Construction

Driven Piles

Wave Equation Analyses

Setup and Relaxation

Drilled Shafts

Auger Piles

23.7 Integrity Testing

Methodologies

High Strain Dynamic Testing

Sonic Echo

­Cross-​­Hole Sonic Logging

­Cross-​­Hole Tomography

­Gamma-​­Gamma Logging

Thermal Integrity Profiling

Interpretation and ­Follow-​­Up Actions

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

24 Pile Supported and Pile Enhanced Mats

24.1 Pile Supported Mats

24.2 Pile Enhanced Mats

Geotechnical Ultimate Limit State

Solution

Geotechnical Serviceability Limit State

Structural Design

24.3 Compensated Mat Foundations

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Part D Special Topics

25 Foundations in Rocks and Intermediate Geomaterials

25.1 Rock as a Structural Foundation Material

Rock Mass Classification

Rock Mass Properties

Rock Mass Failure Criterion

Rock Mass Deformation Modulus

Poisson’s Ratio of Rock Mass

Solution

25.2 Design of Foundations in Rocks

Shallow Foundations in Rocks

Prescriptive Design

Ultimate Limit ­State—​­Bearing Capacity of Spread Footings on Rocks

Solution

Solution

Serviceability Limit ­State—​­Settlement of Spread Footings on Rocks

Solution

Deep Foundations in Rocks

Load Transfer Mechanisms

Ultimate Limit ­State—​­Axial Load Capacity of Rock Socketed Piles

Side Friction Resistance

Toe Bearing Resistance

Solution

Side Friction

Toe Bearing

ASD Capacity

LRFD Capacity

Serviceability Limit ­State—​­Settlement of Rock Socketed Piles

25.3 Foundations in Intermediate Geomaterials

Side Friction Resistance of Rock Sockets in Cohesive IGMs

Toe Bearing Resistance of Rock Sockets in Cohesive IGMs

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Section 25.1 Rock as a Structural Foundation Material

Section 25.2 Design of Foundations in Rocks

Section 25.3 Foundations in Intermediate Geomaterials

26 Ground Improvement

26.1 Ground Improvement for Foundations

26.2 Removal and Replacement

26.3 Precompression

Vertical Drains

26.4 ­In Situ Densification

Vibrocompaction

Dynamic Compaction

Rapid Impact Compaction

Blast Densification

26.5 ­In Situ Replacement

Aggregate Columns

Vibro Replacement or Stone Columns

Aggregate Piers

Vibro Concrete Columns

Rigid Inclusions

26.6 Grouting

Compaction Grouting

Jet Grouting

26.7 Stabilization Using Admixtures

Surface Mixing

­In situ Deep Mixing

26.8 Reinforcement

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Comprehensive

27 Foundations on Expansive Soils

27.1 The Nature, Origin, and Occurrence of Expansive Soils

What Causes a Clay to Expand?

What Factors Control the Amount of Expansion?

Occurrence of Expansive Clays

Influence of Climate on Expansion Potential

Depth of the Active Zone

Influence of Human Activities

27.2 Identifying, Testing, and Evaluating Expansive Soils

Qualitative Evaluations

Semiquantitative Evaluations

ASTM Standard Loaded Swell Tests

Method A

Method B

Method C

Other Loaded Swell Tests

Variation of Swell Potential with Normal Stress

Expansion Index Test

Correlations

Relating Laboratory Data to Field Behavior

27.3 Estimating Potential Heave

Laboratory Testing

Analysis

Solution

Differential Heave

27.4 Typical Structural Distress Patterns

27.5 Preventive Design and Construction Measures

Basic Preventive Measures

Additional Preventive Measures

Ground Modification for Expansive Clay

Replacement

Lime Treatment

Prewetting

Moisture Barriers

Bypassing the Expansive Clay

Deepened Footings

Drilled Shafts

Structurally Supported Floors

Mitigating Movements in the Structure

Flexible Construction

Rigid Foundation System

Determining Which Methods to Use

27.6 Other Sources of Heave

Expansive Rocks

Steelmaking Slag

Salt Heave

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

28 Foundations on Collapsible Soils

28.1 Origin and Occurrence of Collapsible Soils

Collapsible Alluvial and Colluvial Soils

Collapsible Aeolian Soils

Collapsible Residual Soils

28.2 Identification, Sampling, and Testing

Obtaining Samples of Collapsible Soils

Laboratory Soil Collapse Tests

28.3 Evaluation and Remediaiton for Routine Projects

28.4 Advanced Testing and Analysis

Collapse Testing

­In Situ Soil Collapse Tests

Wetting Processes

Settlement Computations

Unsaturated Soil Mechanics

28.5 Collapse in Deep Compacted Fills

28.6 Preventive and Remedial Measures

Summary

Major Points

Vocabulary

Questions and Practice Problems

Appendix A Units and Conversion Factors

Units of Measurement

Conversion Factors

Appendix B Probability Tables

References

Index

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