Haematology: Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Barbara A. Brown, ISBN-13: 978-0812116434

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Haematology: Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Barbara A. Brown, ISBN-13: 978-0812116434

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Lea & Febiger, U.S. 6th edition (1 October 1993)
• Language: ‎ English
• ISBN-10: ‎ 0812116437
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0812116434

The aim of this book is to provide the student of medical technology with a basic yet broad understanding of the theory and principles of haematology and coagulation as well as their application to more complex testing and automation. Procedures are presented in a step-by-step fashion with the purpose and principle for each described. Theory of coagulations, the cellular components of the blood, and disease states necessary to understand more advanced texts are presented using basic terminology. The student is also introduced to the principles of automated testing. Features new to this edition include: a chapter on universal precautions, with expanded coverage of statistical tools used to evaluate laboratory testing; new sickle cell procedure; new procedures for zinc protoporphyrin and haemoglobin F immunodiffusion; new procedures for protein S, functional protein C, factor 8 related antigens, inhibitors, haeparin-associated thrombocytopenia, and Eliza Method.

Table of Contents:

1. • Basic Laboratory Techniques

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD 1

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS 1

COLLECTION OF BLOOD 2

Microsample Technique 3

Venipuncture 7

Isolation Techniques 11

ANTICOAGULANTS 12

THE MICROSCOPE 13

Operating Procedures 15

Phase Microscopy 17

Electron Microscopy 18

PHOTOMETER/SPECTROPHOTOMETER 18

Optical Density vs. % Transmittance 20

Determination of the Wavelength 20

Preparation of a Curve 20

CENTRIFUGATION 21

STATISTICAL TOOLS USED TO EVALUATE LABORATORY TESTING 22

Quality Control of Test Results 22

Evaluation of Test Procedures 28

Determination of Normal Range (Reference Interval) 32

2. • Hematopoiesis

ORIGIN AND INTERRELATIONSHIP OF BLOOD CELLS 36

CELL STRUCTURE 37

NORMAL CELL MATURATION 39

Cytoplasmic Maturation 39

Nuclear Maturation 39

Cell Size 39

Identification of Cells 39

RED BLOOD CELLS 40

Erythropoiesis 41

Hemoglobin Structure and Synthesis , 42

Function of Hemoglobin 44

Erythrocyte Membrane 46

Metabolism of the Red Blood Cell 46

Breakdown of the Red Blood Cell 47

Megaloblastic Erythropoiesis 49

Red Blood Cell Morphology 51

WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS 57

Granulocytes 57

Monocytes 66

Lymphocytes 70

Megakaryocytes 77

White Blood Cell and Platelet Morphology 81

3. • Routine Hematology Procedures

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT 83

HEMOGLOBIN 83

Cyanmethemoglobin Method 83

Preparation of a Standard Hemoglobin Curve 84

Abnormal Hemoglobin Pigments 84

HEMATOCRIT 85

Microhematocrit Method 86

BLOOD CELL COUNTS 87

Units of Reporting 87

THE UNOPETTE SYSTEM 88

WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT 89

Manual White Blood Cell Count 90

RED BLOOD CELL COUNT 95

PREPARATION AND STAINING PROCEDURES FOR THE BLOOD SMEAR 97

Cover Glass Smears 97

Wedge Blood Smears 98

Automated Spun Smear 99

Buffy Coat Smear 99

Thick Blood Film 99

Staining Procedure for Blood Smears 100

DIFFERENTIAL CELL COUNT 102

Procedure for Examination of the Stained Blood Smear 102

RED BLOOD CELL INDICES 105

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 106

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 106

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) 106

Examples of Red Blood Cell Indices with Corresponding Red Blood Cell 107

Morphology

ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE 107

Westergren Method 108

Wintrobe and Landsberg Method 109

RETICULOCYTE COUNT HI

PLATELET COUNT 116

EOSINOPHIL COUNT lig

SICKLE CELL TESTS 121

Sodium Metabisulfite Method 121

Solubility Test 122

Hemocard Hb A and S Procedure 124

4. • Special Hematology Procedures

SPECIAL STAINING TECHNIQUES

EXAMINATION OF THE BONE MARROW 127

Preparation of the Bone Marrow for Study 127

Examination of Marrow Slides 129

IRON STAIN (PRUSSIAN BLUE REACTION) 130

LEUKOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE STAIN 132

PEROXIDASE STAIN 133

PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF (PAS) REACTION 135

SUDAN BLACK B STAIN 136

ACID PHOSPHATASE STAIN (WITH TARTRATE RESISTANCE) 137

NONSPECIFIC ESTERASE STAIN (WITH FLUORIDE INHIBITION) 139

CHLOROACETATE ESTERASE STAIN 140

NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM (NBT) NEUTROPHIL REDUCTION TEST 141

HEINZ BODY PREPARATION 143

Stain for Heinz Bodies 144

Heinz Body Preparation with Acetylphenylhydrazine 144

BLOOD SMEAR PREPARATION AND EXAMINATION FOR PARASITES 145

Blood Smear Preparation and Stain 146

Examination of the Smear for Parasites 148

HEMOGLOBIN TESTS

RED CELL ZINC PROTOPORPHYRIN 149

DETECTION/IDENTIFICATION OF HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES 152

HEMOGLOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS BY CELLULOSE ACETATE 153

CITRATE AGAR GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 157

HEMOGLOBIN A2 160

QUANTITATION OF HEMOGLOBIN F 163

Betke Method of Alkali Denaturation 163

Singer Method of Alkali Denaturation 164

Radial Immunodiffusion Procedure for Hemoglobin F 166

ACID ELUTION TEST 168

HEMOGLOBIN H PREPARATION 170

HEAT PRECIPITATION TEST 171

ISOPROPANOL PRECIPITATION TEST 172

TESTS FOR HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA, RED BLOOD CELL ENZYME DEFICIENCIES OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TEST 174

OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TEST WITH INCUBATION 177

AUTOHEMOLYSIS TEST 179

ASCORBATE-CYANIDE SCREENING TEST 180

Jacob and Jandl Method 181

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE TEST 182

PYRUVATE KINASE TEST 184

GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE TEST 186

QUANTITATION OF METHEMOGLOBIN 187

SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN TEST 188

TESTS FOR PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA

SUGAR WATER SCREENING TEST 192

SUCROSE HEMOLYSIS TEST 193

ACID SERUM TEST 195

Ham Method 195

MISCELLANEOUS TESTS

LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (L.E.) PREPARATION 197

L.E. Cell Technique Using Heparinized Blood 198

L.E. Cell Technique Using Clotted Blood 199

SERUM VISCOSITY TEST 199

REAGENTS 201

5. • CoagoSafion

HEMOSTASIS AND FIBRINOLYSIS 203

Outline of Section 203

Introduction 203

Coagulation Mechanism 203

The Coagulation Factors 206

Fibrinolysis 208

Limiting Mechanisms of Hemostasis 209

Primary Hemostasis 210

COAGULATION SCREENING PROCEDURES 212

COAGULATION TESTING REQUIREMENTS 212

SCREENING TESTS

COAGULATION TIME OF WHOLE BLOOD 215

Lee and White Method 215

PROTHROMBIN TIME 216

ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME 218

PLASMA RECALCIFICATION TIME 220

STYPVEN TIME 220

REPTILASE TIME ‘ 221

THROMBIN TIME 222

PREKALUKREIN (FLETCHER FACTOR) SCREENING TEST 223

FACTOR XIII SCREENING TEST 224

FACTOR IDENTIFICATION (PT AND APTT SUBSTITUTION TEST) 225

ASSAYS

QUANTITATIVE FIBRINOGEN 226

FACTOR V (II, VII, X) ASSAY 229

FACTOR VIII (VIII:C, IX, XI, XII) ASSAY 232

VONWILLEBRAND FACTOR ANTIGEN 234

RISTOCETIN COFACTOR ASSAY 237

HEPARIN (ANTI-XA) ASSAY 239

TESTS FOR DIC/FIBRINOLYSIS

FIBRINOGEN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS 240

Thrombo-Wellcotest Procedure 241

D-DIMER TEST FOR FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS 242

F.S. TEST FOR SOLUBLE FIBRIN MONOMER COMPLEXES 244

ETHANOL GELATION TEST 246

PROTAMINE SULFATE 247

CLOT LYSIS 249

EUGLOBULIN CLOT LYSIS TIME 249

TESTS FOR INHIBITORS/ANTICOAGULANTS

CIRCULATING ANTICOAGULANTS (INHIBITORS) 251

PLATELET NEUTRALIZATION PROCEDURE 253

DILUTE RUSSELL VIPER VENOM TEST 254

INHIBITOR ASSAY 256

Factor VIII Inhibitor Assay (Bethesda Method) 256

TESTS FOR THROMBOTIC DISORDERS

ANTITHROMBIN III 258

PLASMINOGEN ASSAY 260

PROTEIN C 261

Protein C Chromagenic Method 261

Protein C Clotting Assay 263

PROTEIN S 264

ELISA Method 264

Free Protein S 266

Protein S Clotting Assay 266

BLEEDING TIME 267

TOURNIQUET TEST (CAPILLARY FRAGILITY TEST) 270

CLOT RETRACTION 271

PLATELET AGGREGATION 271

PLATELET ADHESIVENESS TEST 274

Salzman Method 275

HEPARIN ASSOCIATED THROMBOCYTOPENIA TEST (HATT TEST) 276

REAGENTS 278

6. • Diseases

RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS 279

Introduction to the Anemias 279

Morphologic Classification of Anemias 281

Classification of Anemias According to Cause 281

Disorders Related to Iron and Heme Metabolism 282

Aplastic Anemia 286

Pure Red Blood Cell Aplasia 287

Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias 288

Megaloblastic Anemias 288

ANEMIAS RELATED TO OTHER (PRIMARY) DISORDERS 291

Hemolytic Anemias 293

WHITE BLOOD CELL DISORDERS 309

Neutrophil Disorders 309

The Leukemias 310

The Myeloproliferative Disorders 317

The Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) 320

Infectious Mononucleosis 321

Malignant Lymphomas 322

Plasma Cell Disorders 325

Storage Diseases 328

Histiocytosis X 328

PLATELET DISORDERS 329

Quantitative Disorders 329

Qualitative Platelet Disorders 332

VASCULAR DISORDERS 334

COAGULATION DISORDERS 335

Coagulation Factor Deficiencies 335

Circulating Anticoagulants and Inhibitors 340

Liver Disease 341

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 342

Fibrinolysis 343

Hypercoagulable States 343

7. • Automation

CELL COUNTERS 345

Sysmex™ E-5000 345

Sysmex™ NE-8000 34g

Sysmex™ Total Hematology System (HS) 355

Coulter Counter Analyzers 355

Technicon H™ Systems 3gg

Cell-Dyn 3000/3000 SL 375

BLOOD SMEAR PREPARATION AND STAINING 379

Miniprep® Automatic Blood Smearing Instrument 379

Hemaspinner Automatic Blood Cell Spinner 381

Hemastainer Automatic Slide Stainer 381

Hema-Tek 1000 Slide Stainer 383

Hema-Tek 2000 Slide Stainer 384

RETICULOCYTE TESTING 386

Sysmex R-1000 386

ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION TESTING 390

Automated ESR System 3g0

COULTER Zetafuge™ 3gi

COAGULATION TESTING 393

Fibrosystem® (Fibrometer®) 393

Coag-A-Mate XC 396

Coag-A-Mate XM 398

Coag-A-Mate 2001 401

Coag-A-Mate Dual Channel Analyzer 401

Coag-A-Mate X2 404

MDA-180 406

MLA Electra® 750 408

MLA Electra® 800 408

MLA Electra® 900/900C 411

MLA Electra® 1000C 413

KoaguLab 40-A Automated Coagulation System 414

KoaguLab 16-S Coagulation System 416

Ortho KoaguLab 60 S 417

ACL 3000 419

PLATELET AGGREGOMETRY AND CHROMOGENIC TESTING 422

Bio/Data Platelet Aggregation Profiler Model PAP-4 422

Bio/Data Platelet Aggregation Profiler PAP-4C 424

Bibliography 427

Index 435

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