Hydraulic Fracturing: Fundamentals and Advancements by Jennifer Miskimins, ISBN-13: 978-1613997192

Description

Hydraulic Fracturing: Fundamentals and Advancements by Jennifer Miskimins, ISBN-13: 978-1613997192

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎Society of Petroleum Engineers (February 9, 2020)
• Language: ‎ English
• 795 pages
• ISBN-10: 1613997192

• ISBN-13: 978-1613997192

With an author team of 26 subject-matter experts representing a diversity of talent, background, and experience, Hydraulic Fracturing: Fundamentals and Advancements, delivers a comprehensive discussion on the principles of hydraulic fracturing while also including the latest processes that have prompted the explosive growth in stimulating horizontal wells in shale and tight oil and gas reservoirs.

Table of Contents:

Preface …………………………….v

Acknowledgements ……….. vii

Chapter 1 – Introduction …..1

1.1 What Has Changed Since Monograph 12……………4

1.2 Geologic Considerations …………………………………..5

1.3 Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoirs ……….6

1.4 Horizontal vs. Vertical Wellbores ………………………..7

1.5 Other Types of Fracturing Stimulation …………………8

1.6 References ……………9

Chapter 2 – Pretreatment Formation Evaluation ………..13

2.1 Overview …………….13

2.2 Geologic Considerations …………………………………15

2.3 Acquiring Properties Using Wireline Logging …….21

2.4 Core Analysis ………29

2.5 Recap: How To Use These Data? …………………….37

2.6 Nomenclature ……..38

2.7 References ………….39

Chapter 3 – Rock Mechanics and Fracture Geometry ..47

3.1 Overview …………….47

3.2 Rock Properties …..48

3.3 In-Situ Stress ………61

3.4 Fracture-Height Growth in Geologic Media ………..66

3.5 Fracture Complexity ……………………………………….66

3.6 Summary ……………69

3.7 Nomenclature ……..69

3.8 References ………….70

Chapter 4 – Hydraulic Fracture Modeling ………………….75

4.1 Introduction ……….76

4.2 Modeling Objectives ……………………………………..78

4.3 Basic Physical Principles in Fracture Propagation Models ………………….82

4.4 Basic Fracture Modeling Concepts …………………85

4.5 1D and 2D Fracture Growth Models ……………….88

4.6 The First Fracture Model Calibration Effort—Identifying Growth Behavior ……..90

4.7 Advanced Fracture Modeling Concepts I …………92

4.8 Advanced 3D Fracture Growth Models ……………96

4.9 The Second Fracture Model Calibration Effort—Net-Pressure Matching ……….96

4.10 Advanced Fracture Modeling Concepts II ………101

4.11 The Third Fracture Model Calibration Effort—Reconciliation With Fracture Diagnostics ………….103

4.12 Complex Fracture Models ……………………………113

4.13 Fully Coupled Geomechanical Fracture Models ……………………………………….120

4.14 Further Fracture Model Integration and Novel Developments …………………….129

4.15 Fracture Modeling Advantages and Challenges ……………………………………….131

4.16 Thoughts on Future Use and Developments of Fracture Growth Models ……..133

4.17 Conclusions …….135

4.18 Nomenclature ….135

4.19 References ………136

Chapter 5 – Proppants and Fracture Conductivity ……143

5.1 Overview …………..144

5.2 Introduction ……….144

5.3 Effect of Fracture Conductivity on Well Performance …………………………………..145

5.4 Commercial Proppants …………………………………146

5.5 Laboratory Measurements of Fracture Conductivity ……………………………………152

x Table of Contents

5.6 Factors Affecting Fracture Conductivity—Proppant Characteristics and Fluids .154

5.7 Factors Affecting Fracture Conductivity—Interactions with the Reservoir ………158

5.8 Nomenclature ……162

5.9 References ………..162

Chapter 6 – Fracturing Fluids and Additives ……………165

6.1 Overview …………166

6.2 Properties of a Viscous Fracturing Fluid ………..166

6.3 Water-Based Fracturing Fluids……………………..167

6.4 Oil-Based Fracturing Fluids …………………………174

6.5 Alcohol-Based Fracturing Fluids …………………..174

6.6 Emulsion Fracturing Fluids ………………………….174

6.7 Foam-Based Fracturing Fluids ……………………..176

6.8 Energized Fracturing Fluids …………………………178

6.9 Fracturing Fluid Additives…………………………….178

6.10 Waterfracs ……….184

6.11 References ………185

6.12 Recommended Reading List ……………………….191

Chapter 7 – Fluid Leakoff 199

7.1 Overview …………199

7.2 Introduction ……..200

7.3 Fluid-Leakoff Equation ………………………………..200

7.4 Modeling of Leakoff Coefficient …………………….210

7.5 Laboratory Measurements of Fluid-Loss Parameters ………………………………..216

7.6 Effect of Key Parameters on Leakoff ………………219

7.7 Advances in Fluid-Loss Additives…………………..223

7.8 Pressure-Dependent Leakoff ……………………….225

7.9 Nomenclature ….227

7.10 References ………228

Chapter 8 – Flow Behavior of Fracturing Fluids ……….233

8.1 Introduction ……..233

8.2 Rheology and Classification of Fluids ……………234

8.3 Rheological Characterization of Fracturing Fluids …………………………………….235

8.4 Rheological Instrumentation ………………………..240

8.5 Perforation Friction Pressure Loss ………………..241

8.6 Newtonian Fluid Flow in Straight Tubulars ……..246

8.7 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in Straight Tubulars 246

8.8 Newtonian Fluid Flow in Coiled Tubulars ……….252

8.9 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in Coiled Tubulars…253

8.10 Nomenclature ….256

8.11 References ………257

Chapter 9 – Proppant Transport ………………………………261

9.1 Overview …………..261

9.2 Introduction ……….261

9.3 Fundamentals of Proppant Transport ………………262

9.4 Proppant Transport Within the Fracture …………..265

9.5 Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Network ………………………………………278

9.6 Proppant Flowback ………………………………………280

9.7 Nomenclature ……285

9.8 References ………..285

Chapter 10 – Hydraulic Fracturing-Treatment Design 291

10.1 Introduction ……292

10.2 Outline ………….292

10.3 Key Influences .292

10.4 Fracturing-Treatment Design Process …………294

10.5 Treatment Design Workflow ……………………….294

10.6 Key Input Data .294

10.7 Generating Log-Based Models for Fracture Simulators ……………………………295

10.8 Fracturing-Fluid Leakoff Calculations…………..295

10.9 Model Calibration ……………………………………..296

10.10 Stress and Rock-Property Calibration Process ………………………………………296

10.11 Fracture Width Calculations ……………………….299

10.12 Well Productivity/Hydraulic Fracture Relationship ……………………………………300

10.13 Material Selection: Fracturing Fluids ……………301

10.14 Foamed Fracturing Fluids ………………………….302

10.15 Material Selection: Proppants …………………….304

10.16 NPV Calculations for Fracturing Treatments …305

10.17 Pump Schedule ……………………………………….307

Table of Contents xi

10.18 Proppant-Concentration Schedule ………………308

10.19 Pump Schedule Generation ……………………….309

10.20 Tip-Screenout Design ……………………………….312

10.21 Low-Viscosity-Fluid Design: Slickwater and Hybrid …………………………………312

10.22 Perforating for Hydraulic Fracturing……………..313

10.23 Limited-Entry Design ………………………………..313

10.24 Fracturing-Treatment Design Cases: Pump Schedule ……………………………..318

10.25 Design Approaches in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs …………………………320

10.26 Comprehensive Fracturing-Treatment Design 325

10.27 Nomenclature ..333

10.28 References …….335

Chapter 11 – Well Completions ……………………………….345

11.1 Overview ……….346

11.2 Introduction to Completions ……………………….346

11.3 Well Construction for Hydraulic Fracturing ……347

11.4 Completion Strategies for Hydraulic Fracturing ………………………………………367

11.5 Perforating for Hydraulic Fracturing …………….371

11.6 Multistage Placement Control and Treatment Diversion Techniques ………….383

11.7 Considerations for Selecting a Multistage Placement Control Technique ……394

11.8 Additional Well Completion Considerations ….398

11.9 Nomenclature ..403

11.10 References …….404

Chapter 12 – Field Implementation of Hydraulic Fracturing ……………………………….415

12.1 Overview ……….416

12.2 Treatment Planning …………………………………..417

12.3 Fracturing Equipment ………………………………..418

12.4 Treatment Execution …………………………………434

12.5 Treating Pressure Interpretation ………………….454

12.6 Treatment Redesign ………………………………….463

12.7 Foam Fracturing ……………………………………….463

12.8 Acid Fracturing .477

12.9 Coalbed Methane Fracturing Applications ……478

12.10 Environmental Considerations ……………………482

12.11 Nomenclature ..484

12.12 References …….485

Chapter 13 – Fracturing Pressure Analysis ……………..489

13.1 Overview …………490

13.2 Components of Pumping Pressure ……………….492

13.3 Prefracturing and Calibration Tests ……………….495

13.4 Treating-Pressure Analysis ………………………….514

13.5 Application to Treatment Schedule Design and Modification ………………………520

13.6 Nomenclature ….520

13.7 References ………521

Chapter 14 – Flowback and Early-Time Production Data Analysis………………………523

14.1 Introduction ……..524

14.2 RTA of Flowback and Early-Time Production Data ……………………………………525

14.3 Case Studies …..568

14.4 Summary, Discussion, and Current and Future Work ………………………………..569

14.5 Nomenclature ….576

14.6 Acknowledgments ………………………………………580

14.7 References ………580

Appendix 14.A …………..586

Appendix 14.B …………..588

Appendix 14.C …………..591

Appendix 14.D …………..594

Appendix 14.E …………..598

Appendix 14.F …………..606

Appendix 14.G …………..608

Appendix 14.H …………..611

Appendix 14.I ……………617

Chapter 15 – Fracture Diagnostics ………………………….625

15.1 Overview …………625

15.2 Microseismic Monitoring ……………………………..626

15.3 Surface Tiltmeter Monitoring ………………………..638

15.4 Downhole Tiltmeter Monitoring …………………….641

15.5 Radioactive Proppant Tracers ………………………644

15.6 Chemical Fracture Tracers (CFTs) ………………..645

xii Table of Contents

15.7 Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing ………………….647

15.8 Wellbore Imaging ……………………………………..651

15.9 Review ………….652

15.10 Nomenclature ..653

15.11 References …….654

Chapter 16 – Economics of Fracturing …………………….657

16.1 Introduction ……658

16.2 General Economic and Business Considerations ……………………………………658

16.3 Conventional Reservoir Response to Fracture Penetration and Conductivity ………………………660

16.4 Unconventional Reservoir Production Analysis ……………………………………….666

16.5 General Economic Parameters …………………..669

16.6 Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment Costs ………….670

16.7 Conventional-Fracturing-Treatment Economics ………………………………………674

16.8 Unconventional-Fracturing-Treatment Economics ……………………………………681

16.9 Other Considerations ………………………………..686

16.10 Summary ………689

16.11 Nomenclature ..689

16.12 References …….690

Chapter 17 – Acid Fracturing ………………………………….693

17.1 Introduction ……694

17.2 Candidates for Acid Fracturing……………………694

17.3 Deciding Between Propped and Acid Fracturing ……………………698

17.4 Acid/Mineral Reaction ……………………………….699

17.5 Reaction Stoichiometry of Acids …………………699

17.6 Reaction Kinetics of Acids …………………………705

17.7 Acid Mass Transfer ……………………………………707

17.8 Acid Types in Well Stimulation ……………………709

17.9 Modeling of Hydraulic Fractures …………………710

17.10 Acid Penetration ……………………………………….713

17.11 Acid-Fracture Conductivity …………………………720

17.12 Acid-Fracturing-Treatment Design ………………724

17.13 Simulator-Based Acid-Fracturing Modeling ….728

17.14 Nomenclature ..732

17.15 References …….737

Appendix 17.A: Acid-Fracturing-Treatment Design Example …………………742

Chapter 18 – Refracturing ……………………………………….753

18.1 Introduction …….753

18.2 Case Histories of Refracturing Treatments ……755

18.3 Determining the Need for Refracturing …………761

18.4 Candidate Selection ……………………………………763

18.5 Design Considerations ………………………………..764

18.6 Conclusions …….766

18.7 Nomenclature ….766

18.8 References ………766

Index ……………………………771

What makes us different?

• Instant Download

• Always Competitive Pricing

• 100% Privacy

• FREE Sample Available

• 24-7 LIVE Customer Support