Introduction to Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics 1st Edition by William M. Deen, ISBN-13: 978-1107123779

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Introduction to Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics 1st Edition by William M. Deen, ISBN-13: 978-1107123779

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (August 15, 2016)
• Language: ‎ English
• 411 pages
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1107123771
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1107123779

Presents the fundamentals of chemical engineering fluid mechanics with an emphasis on valid and practical approximations in modeling.

Designed for introductory undergraduate courses in fluid mechanics for chemical engineers, this stand-alone textbook illustrates the fundamental concepts and analytical strategies in a rigorous and systematic, yet mathematically accessible manner. Using both traditional and novel applications, it examines key topics such as viscous stresses, surface tension, and the microscopic analysis of incompressible flows which enables students to understand what is important physically in a novel situation and how to use such insights in modeling. The many modern worked examples and end-of-chapter problems provide calculation practice, build confidence in analyzing physical systems, and help develop engineering judgment. The book also features a self-contained summary of the mathematics needed to understand vectors and tensors, and explains solution methods for partial differential equations. Including a full solutions manual for instructors available at www.cambridge.org/deen, this balanced textbook is the ideal resource for a one-semester course.

Table of Contents:

Preface

List of symbols

Part I Use of experimental data

1 Properties, dimensions, and scales

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Fluid properties

Viscosity

Density and kinematic viscosity

Units and values

Non-Newtonian liquids

Surface tension

Continuum approximation

1.3 Scales and dimensionless groups

Scales

Dimensions

Stress scales

Dimensionless groups

Example 1.3-1 Deep-water waves

Example 1.3-2 Inkjet printing

1.4 Dimensional analysis

Pi theorem

Example 1.4-1 Speed of water waves

Example 1.4-2 Shear stress in pipe flow

Example 1.4-3 Energy of an atomic blast

Dynamic similarity

1.5 Conclusion

References

Problems

1.1 Falling body

1.2 Pendulum

1.3 Salad dressing

1.4 Heat transfer coefficient

1.5 Oscillating drops

1.6 Dip coating

1.7 Breakup of liquid jets

1.8 Valve scale-up

1.9 Ship scale-up

1.10 Power input in a stirred tank

1.11 Underwater swimming

2 Pipe flow

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Shear stress

Fundamental quantities

Friction factor

2.3 Pressure drop and dynamic pressure

Friction factor and pressure drop

Circuit analogy

Example 2.3-1 Pressure drop for water in process pipes

Example 2.3-2 Pressure drop in an oil pipeline

Example 2.3-3 Flow rate in an oil pipeline

Example 2.3-4 Capillary viscometer

2.4 Noncircular cross-sections

Turbulent flow

Laminar flow

Example 2.4-1 Pressure drop for air in a triangular duct

Example 2.4-2 Material efficiency of square and circular

ducts

2.5 Wall roughness

Example 2.5-1 Effect of roughness on water flow in a

process pipe

Example 2.5-2 Practical smoothness

2.6 Conclusion

References

Problems

2.1 Cavitation

2.2 Bottling honey

2.3 Filling a boiler

2.4 Syringe pump

2.5 Flue gases

2.6 Hydraulic fracturing

2.7 Drag reduction

2.8 Economic pipe diameter

2.9 Microfluidic device

2.10 Murray’s law

2.11 Open-channel flow

3 Drag, particles, and porous media

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Drag

Origins

Drag coefficient

Spheres

Disks

Cylinders

Flat plates

Example 3.2-1 Drag on a cylinder in water

Example 3.2-2 Comparative drag on a cylinder and a flat

plate

3.3 Terminal velocity

Buoyancy and gravity

Terminal velocities for solid spheres

Example 3.3-1 Sand grain falling in air

Example 3.3-2 Microfluidic cell separation

Terminal velocities for fluid spheres

Approach to terminal velocity

Example 3.3-3 Approach to terminal velocity for large

spheres

3.4 Porous media

Darcy permeability

Microstructural models

Example 3.4-1 Air flow through a packed bed of spheres

Example 3.4-2 Comparative properties of granular and

fibrous media

3.5 Packed beds and fluidized beds

Packed beds

Fluidized beds

Example 3.5-1 Fluidization at low Reynolds number

3.6 Conclusion

References

Problems

3.1 Chain-link fence

3.2 Rowing power

3.3 Dispersion of pollen

3.4 Downhill ski racing

3.5 Homogenized milk

3.6 Approach to terminal velocity for small fluid spheres

3.7 Inhaled particles

3.8 Flocculation

3.9 Hydrogel disks

3.10 Bypassing a packed bed

3.11 Fluidization at high Reynolds number

Part II Fundamentals of fluid dynamics

4 Fluid statics: pressure, gravity, and surface tension

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Pressure in static fluids

Properties of pressure

Static pressure equation

Pressure distributions

Example 4.2-1 Manometer

Example 4.2-2 Layered fluids

Additional note: Pascal’s law

4.3 Pressure forces

Stress and force vectors

Boundaries

Example 4.3-1 Rectangular tank

Example 4.3-2 Inclined planar surface

Projected areas

Immersed objects at constant pressure

Buoyancy

Example 4.3-3 Buoyancy of a sphere

4.4 Surface tension

Tensile forces and contact lines

Example 4.4-1 Young–Laplace equation

Example 4.4-2 Capillary rise

Interfaces with variable curvature

4.5 Conclusion

References

Problems

4.1 Manometry for liquid pipe flow

4.2 Hydraulic lift

4.3 Static pressure variations in air

4.4 Force on Hoover Dam

4.5 Floating cup

4.6 Sedimentation in a sucrose gradient

4.7 Half-submerged cylinder

4.8 Buoyancy of a cone

4.9 Formation of small bubbles

4.10 Capillary adhesion

4.11 Capillary flotation

4.12 Plateau–Rayleigh instability

5 Fluid kinematics

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Continuity

Example 5.2-1 Unknown velocity component

Example 5.2-2 Expansion of the Universe

Example 5.2-3 Filtration in a hollow fiber

5.3 Rates of change for moving observers

Example 5.3-1 Temperature changes sensed by a weather

balloon

5.4 Rate of strain

Example 5.4-1 Rate of strain in simple shear flow

Example 5.4-2 Rate of strain in pure dilatation

5.5 Vorticity

Definition

Irrotational flow

5.6 Stream function

Definitions

Streamlines and streaklines

Example 5.6-1 Streamlines from the stream function

Trajectories

Example 5.6-2 Streamlines from trajectories

5.7 Conclusion

References

Problems

5.1 Flow past a bubble

5.2 Channel with wavy walls

5.3 Condensation on a vertical wall

5.4 Flow past a solid sphere

5.5 Wedge flow

5.6 Flow between porous and solid disks

5.7 Trajectories of sedimenting particles

6 Stress and momentum

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Stress vector and stress tensor

Stress notation

Stress at an arbitrary surface

6.3 Force at a point

6.4 Conservation of momentum

Additional note: stress equilibrium

6.5 Viscous stress

Rate-of-strain tensor

Example 6.5-1 Rate of strain in simple shear flow

Newtonian fluids

Non-Newtonian fluids

Additional note: stress symmetry

6.6 Governing equations

Newtonian fluids with constant properties

Example 6.6-1 Pressure in planar stagnation flow

Fluids with varying viscosity

Velocities at phase boundaries

Stresses at phase boundaries

Example 6.6-2 Shear-stress boundary condition with variable

surface tension

Force calculations

Example 6.6-3 General expression for the drag on a sphere

6.7 Conclusion

References

Problems

6.1 Stress vector and tensor

6.2 Effect of surface orientation on the stress vector

6.3 Force balance for plane Couette flow

6.4 Force balance for plane Poiseuille flow

6.5 Normal viscous stress at a solid surface

6.6 Drag on a cylinder at high Reynolds number

6.7 Pressure for creeping flow past a solid sphere

6.8 Pressure between porous and solid disks

Part III Microscopic analysis

7 Unidirectional flow

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fully developed flow

Example 7.2-1 Velocity and pressure for plane Poiseuille

flow

Example 7.2-2 Velocity and pressure for Poiseuille flow

Example 7.2-3 Friction factor for laminar tube flow

7.3 Moving surfaces

Example 7.3-1 Plane Couette flow

Example 7.3-2 Rotating rod

Example 7.3-3 Plate suddenly set in motion

7.4 Free surfaces

Example 7.4-1 Falling film on a vertical wall

Example 7.4-2 Surface of a stirred liquid

7.5 Non-Newtonian fluids

Example 7.5-1 Poiseuille flow of a power-law fluid

Example 7.5-2 Plane Couette flow of generalized Newtonian

fluids

7.6 Symmetry conditions

Cylindrical symmetry

Reflective symmetry

7.7 Conclusion

References

Problems

7.1 Couette viscometer

7.2 Annular conduit

7.3 Triangular conduit

7.4 Elliptical conduit

7.5 Slip in tube flow

7.6 Darcy permeability of a fibrous material

7.7 Surface of a liquid in rigid-body rotation

7.8 Layered liquids on an inclined surface

7.9 Liquid film outside a vertical tube

7.10 Film on an upward-moving surface

7.11 Slot coating

7.12 Flow in a cavity

7.13 Falling-cylinder viscometer

7.14 Bubble rising in a tube

7.15 Paint film

7.16 Temperature-dependent viscosity

7.17 Blood rheology

8 Approximations for viscous flows

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Lubrication approximation

Example 8.2-1 Tapered channel

Example 8.2-2 Permeable tube

Example 8.2-3 Slider bearing

8.3 Creeping flow

Stokes’ equation

Example 8.3-1 Flow between porous and solid disks

Example 8.3-2 Flow past a sphere

Example 8.3-3 Stokes’ law

Porous media

8.4 Pseudosteady flow

Example 8.4-1 Parallel-plate channel with a decaying

pressure drop

Example 8.4-2 Squeeze flow

8.5 Anticipating approximations

Order-of-magnitude estimation

Example 8.5-1 Order-of-magnitude analysis for a tapered

channel

Example 8.5-2 Order-of-magnitude analysis for Stokes flow

past a sphere

Lubrication approximation

Creeping-flow approximation

Pseudosteady approximation

Example 8.5-3 Order-of-magnitude analysis for squeeze

flow

Example 8.5-4 Force on a slider bearing

8.6 Conclusion

References

Problems

8.1 Imperfect parallel-plate channel

8.2 Permeable closed-end tube

8.3 Permeation-driven flow in a microchannel

8.4 Candy manufacturing

8.5 Blade coating

8.6 Torque on a rotating sphere

8.7 Velocity and pressure for flow past a bubble

8.8 Terminal velocity of a small bubble

8.9 Rotating and stationary disks

8.10 Cone-and-plate viscometer

8.11 Growing mercury drop

8.12 Drag on a cylinder at low Reynolds number

8.13 Darcy flow in a tumor

8.14 Washburn’s law

8.15 Injection molding

8.16 Capillary pump

9 Laminar flow with inertia

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Inviscid and irrotational flow

Inviscid flow

Vorticity transport

Irrotational flow

Example 9.2-1 Velocity for potential flow past a cylinder

Example 9.2-2 Pressure and drag for inviscid and irrotational

flow past a cylinder

Example 9.2-3 Water waves

9.3 Boundary layers: differential analysis

Boundary-layer approximation

Joining the regions

Example 9.3-1 Blasius

Internal boundary layers

Example 9.3-2 Planar jet

9.4 Boundary layers: integral analysis

Integral momentum equation

Example 9.4-1 Integral solution for a flat plate

Boundary-layer separation

Example 9.4-2 Integral solution for a cylinder

9.5 Conclusion

References

Problems

9.1 Potential flow past a sphere

9.2 Lift on a half-cylinder

9.3 Axisymmetric stagnation flow

9.4 Opposed circular jets

9.5 Added mass for a sphere

9.6 Spin coating

9.7 Bubble growing in a liquid

9.8 Entrance length

9.9 Axisymmetric jet

9.10 Boundary layers in power-law fluids

9.11 Normal velocity component for a flat plate

9.12 Rotating disk

9.13 Flat plate with suction

9.14 Terminal velocity of a large bubble

9.15 Planar stagnation flow

9.16 Flow past a right-angle wedge

10 Turbulent flow

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Characteristics and scales

Basic features

Wall variables

Kolmogorov scales

Example 10.2-1 Turbulence scales for air flow in a pipe

10.3 Reynolds averaging

Time-smoothed variables

Continuity equation

Navier–Stokes equation

Closure problem

Reynolds stress

10.4 Closure schemes

Eddy diffusivities

Other approaches

10.5 Unidirectional flow

Example 10.5-1 Velocity profile near a wall

Complete velocity profile for tube flow

Example 10.5-2 Prandtl–Kármán equation

10.6 Boundary layers

Example 10.6-1 Flat plate

Example 10.6-2 Axisymmetric jet

Limitations of mixing-length concept

10.7 Conclusion

References

Problems

10.1 Turbulence scales for water flow in a pipe

10.2 Cell damage in turbulent flow

10.3 Jet velocity from a photograph

10.4 Reynolds-stress data

10.5 Eddy diffusivity from near-wall velocity data

10.6 Mixing length in tube flow

10.7 Power-law velocity profile and Blasius friction factor

10.8 Improved velocity profile for tube flow

10.9 Friction factor and hydraulic diameter

10.10 Effects of tube roughness

10.11 Planar jet

10.12 Eddy diffusivity in a circular jet

Part IV Macroscopic analysis

11 Macroscopic balances for mass, momentum, and energy

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Conservation of mass

General control volume

Discrete openings

Example 11.2-1 Fluid displacement from a cavity

Example 11.2-2 Draining of a tank through a horizontal pipe

Integration of the continuity equation

11.3 Conservation of momentum

General control volume

Discrete openings

Example 11.3-1 Force on a return bend

Example 11.3-2 Acceleration of a force-free rocket

11.4 Mechanical energy balances

General control volume

Discrete openings

Example 11.4-1 Viscous loss in pipe flow

Example 11.4-2 Venturi flow meter

Example 11.4-3 Hydroelectric power

Additional note: mechanical energy derivations

11.5 Systems with free surfaces

Example 11.5-1 Capillary jet

Example 11.5-2 Hydraulic jump

Example 11.5-3 Liquid jet striking an inclined plate

11.6 Conclusion

References

Problems

11.1 Torricelli’s law

11.2 Water clock

11.3 Forces on nozzles

11.4 Drag on a flat plate calculated from the wake velocity

11.5 Drag on a cylinder calculated from the wake velocity

11.6 Jet ejector

11.7 Wave tank

11.8 Force in a syringe pump

11.9 Plate suspended by a water jet

11.10 Viscous losses in laminar pipe flow

11.11 Hydroelectric power

11.12 Pitot tube

11.13 Siphon

11.14 Sump pump

11.15 Drainage pipe

12 Pipe flow: entrance effects, fittings, and compressibility

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Entrance effects

Entrance length

Excess pressure drop in entrance regions

Example 12.2-1 Entrance correction for a process pipe

Example 12.2-2 Entrance correction for a capillary

viscometer

12.3 Fittings, valves, and pumps

Loss coefficients

Pump characteristics

Example 12.3-1 Force on a return bend (revisited)

Example 12.3-2 Borda–Carnot equation

Example 12.3-3 Pressure increase at a diverging branch

Example 12.3-4 Draining of one tank into another

Additional note: pseudosteady approximation for tank filling

or emptying

12.4 Compressible flow in long pipes

Engineering Bernoulli equation for variable density

Isothermal pipe flow

Example 12.4-1 Natural-gas pipeline

12.5 Compressible flow near the speed of sound

Adiabatic pipe flow

Choked flow

Example 12.5-1 Absence of choking in a natural-gas

pipeline

Example 12.5-2 Choked air flow

Varying cross-section: nozzles and diffusers

Example 12.5-3 Converging nozzle

12.6 Conclusion

References

Problems

12.1 Entrance effects with air flow

12.2 Entrance-region model

12.3 Nozzle with diffuser

12.4 Water siphon

12.5 Pumping from a lower to a higher reservoir

12.6 Water transfer from a higher to a lower reservoir

12.7 Home plumbing

12.8 Membrane hydraulic permeability

12.9 Design of distribution manifolds

12.10 Tubular reactors in parallel

12.11 Pumping between tanks

12.12 Pumps in series or parallel

12.13 Conical diffuser

12.14 Balloon inflation

12.15 Discharge of a compressed-air tank

12.16 Automobile tire inflation

12.17 Comparison of isothermal and adiabatic pipe flow

12.18 Gas-cylinder hazard

12.19 Speed of sound

12.20 Transonic flow

Appendix. Vectors, tensors, and coordinate systems

A.1 Introduction

A.2 Notation and fundamentals

Representation of vectors and tensors

Basic operations

Coordinate independence

A.3 Vector and tensor products

Vector dot product

Vector cross product

Dyadic product

Tensor products

Identity tensor

Example A.3-1 Repeated dot products of a vector with an

antisymmetric tensor

Example A.3-2 Scalar triple products

A.4 Differential and integral identities

Gradient

Divergence

Curl

Laplacian

Differential identities

Example A.4-1 Proof of a differential identity

Example A.4-2 Proof of a differential identity

Example A.4-3 Proof of a differential identity

Example A.4-4 Proof of a differential identity

Integral transformations

Unit normal and unit tangent vectors

Example A.4-5 Integration of a unit normal over a surface

A.5 Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates

Base vectors

Position vectors and scale factors

Volumes and surface areas

Gradient

Scale-factor identities

Divergence

Curl

Laplacian

Cartesian coordinates

Cylindrical coordinates

Spherical coordinates

References

Author index

Subject index

William M. Deen is the Carbon P. Dubbs Professor Emeritus in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is an author of some 200 research publications in bioengineering, colloid science, membrane science, quantitative physiology, and toxicology, most involving aspects of diffusion or fluid flow. During his 40 years of teaching at MIT, he has focused on undergraduate and graduate fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer. He is the author of Analysis of Transport Phenomena (2012), which is used internationally in graduate-level transport courses. Among his awards are the 2012 Bose Award for Excellence in Teaching from the MIT School of Engineering and the 2012 Warren K. Lewis Award for Contributions to Chemical Engineering Education from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

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