Learning and Memory 1st Edition by Darrell S. Rudmann, ISBN-13: 978-1483374833

Description

Learning and Memory 1st Edition by Darrell S. Rudmann, ISBN-13: 978-1483374833

[PDF eBook eTextbook]

• Publisher: ‎ SAGE Publications, Inc; 1st edition (November 24, 2017)
• Language: ‎ English
• ISBN-10: ‎ 1483374831
• ISBN-13: ‎ 978-1483374833

Learning and Memory provides students with a clear, balanced, and integrated presentation of major theoretical perspectives foundational to the study of human learning and memory. Author Darrell Rudmann uses an engaging personal writing style appropriate for students with little or no previous background in psychology to discuss topics including the major behaviorism theories of learning, modern cognitive theories of memory, social learning theories, the roles of emotion and motivation in learning, and the well-established neurological underpinnings of these perspectives. A concluding chapter on learning and memory concepts in the real world shows students to how these concepts are applied in various industries, from advertising to education and the media.

Table of Contents:

Preface

About the Author

1 History of Learning and Memory

Learning Objectives

Overview

“Buddy O’Dell”

Early Philosophical Approaches

Socrates’s Early Functionalism

Aristotle’s Associationism

Descartes’s Dualism

Locke’s Tabula Rasa

Kant’s Interactionism

William James’s Functionalism

A Twentieth-Century Approach: Behaviorism

Contemporary Approaches

Social Learning

Cognitive Psychology

Information Processing Theories

Metamemory Awareness and Strategies

Cognitive Neuroscience

Integrating the Approaches

Themes in the Book

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

2 Common Research Methods in Learning and Memory

Learning Objectives

Overview

Common Features

Performance Tasks

Selective Interference Tasks

Performance Measurement

Accuracy

Efficiency

Metamemory Judgments

Brain Functioning

Surveys and Interviews

Memory Diaries

Experiments

Issues of Quality

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

3 Neurological Basis of Learning

Learning Objectives

Overview

The Case of H.M.

How Neurons Communicate: Neurotransmission

How Neurons Adapt to Support Learning

Chemical Changes Across Existing Synapses

Changes to the Dendrites

Additional Neurons

Classical Conditioning

Further Applications

Skill Learning

Role of Practice

Role of Feedback

Implicit Learning

What Is Learned in Implicit Learning

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

Part I: Part I: Learning

4 Behavioral Learning

Learning Objectives

Overview

Operant Conditioning Theory

Basic Components

Strengthening Behavior

Kinds of Reinforcers

Brain Basis for Reinforcement

Factors That Impact Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Ratio Schedules

Interval Schedules

Other Schedules

Shaping

Response Chains

Stimulus Control

Biological Constraints

Summary

Avoidance Conditioning

Learned Helplessness

Weakening Behavior

Effective Punishment

Indirect Issues With Punishment

Decelerators

Overview of Operant Conditioning Theory

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

5 Social Learning

Learning Objectives

Overview

Learning by Watching Others

Observational Learning

Imitation

Modeling

Attribution Theory

Self-Efficacy Theory

Self-Regulation Theory

Development of Learning

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Primary Assumptions

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage (birth until eighteen–twenty-four months)

Preoperational Stage (eighteen–twenty-four months to seven years)

Concrete Operations Stage (ages six–seven until eleven–twelve)

Formal Operations Stage (ages eleven or twelve through adulthood)

Educational Implications

Social Context of Cognitive Development

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

6 Affect and Motivation in Learning

Learning Objectives

Overview

Emotions During Learning

Motivation

Intrinsic/Extrinsic Kinds

Classic Motivational Theories

Modern Motivational Theories

Control Theories

Perceived Task Value

Interests

Goal-Setting Theory

Expectancy-Value Theory

Expectancy

Instrumentality

Valences

Work Design Theory

Motivation in Education

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

7 Cognitive Learning

Learning Objectives

Overview

Short-Term Memory Store

Processing Information in the Short-Term Memory Store

Features of the Short-Term Memory Store

Causes of Information Loss in Short-Term Memory

Baddeley’s “Working Memory” Model

Verbal Information

Spatial Memory

Episodic Buffer

Central Executive

Conscious Learning

Rehearsal Time

Repetition of Rehearsal

Strategies During Rehearsal

Forming Memories

Consolidation

Neurological Research

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

Part II: Part II: Memory

8 Retrieval

Learning Objectives

Overview

Retrieving Memories

The Experience of Retrieval

Feeling of Knowing

Theories of Feeling of Knowing

Retrieval Cues

Prospective Memory

Models of Prospective Memory

The Biological Basis of Retrieving Memories

Disrupting Long-Term Traces

Retrieval to Improve Learning

Repeated Retrieval

Theoretical Explanations for Retrieval Benefits

Situational Effects on Retrieval

Encoding Specificity Principle

Place-Dependent Cues

State-Dependent Cues

Mood-Dependent Cues

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

Retrieval in Groups

Collaborative Memory

Explanations for Collaborative Inhibition

Reducing Collaborative Inhibition

Chapter Summary

Retrieval Strategies

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

9 Episodic and Autobiographical Memories

Learning Objectives

Overview

Episodic Memories

Reexperiencing Past Events

Involuntary Episodic Memories

Visual Perspectives in Episodic Memories

Characteristics of Episodic Memories

Episodic Memory in Contrast With Other Kinds of Memories

Brain Processing of Episodic Memories

Flashbulb Memories

Accuracy of Flashbulb Memories

Autobiographical Memory System

Dimensions and Functions of Autobiographical Memories

Contextual Complexities

The Structure of Autobiographical Memories

Organization by Time or Theme

Emotions and Their Role

Conway’s Self-Memory System

Developmental Changes in Autobiographical Memories

Developing a Narrative

Autobiographical Memory and Older Adults

Brain Processing Underlying Autobiographical Memories

The Autobiographical Memory Retrieval Network

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

10 Semantic Memory

Learning Objectives

Overview

Tulving’s Episodic/Semantic Memory Distinction

Remember/Know Judgments

Neuroscience Evidence for a Distinction

Declarative Versus Nondeclarative Distinction

Meaning and Context

Recall in Semantic Memory

Recognition in Semantic Memory

Knowledge Representation

Associationistic Models of Knowledge Representation

Semantic Networks of Associations

Connectivity in Semantic Networks

Connectionist Models

Holistic Approaches of Knowledge Representation

Concepts

Mental Models

Schemas

Structure of Schemas

Functions of Schemas

Scripts

Constructivism

Modern Constructivism

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

11 Forgetting

Learning Objectives

Overview

Forgetting Is Normal

Normal Rate of Forgetting

Forgetting Motor Skills

Forgetting Events Over Time

Forgetting Over the Lifespan

Childhood Amnesia

Possible Causes of Childhood Amnesia

Reminiscence Bump

Causes of Forgetting

Decay

Interference

Trace Degradation

Cue Impairment

Cue Availability

Retrieval-Induced Inhibition

Whether Memories Can Be Inhibited Unconsciously

Other Retrieval Errors

Output Monitoring Failures

Source Monitoring Failures

Forms of Source Monitoring Failures

Suggestibility and Bias

False Memories

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

Part III: Part III: Advanced Topics

12 Learning and Memory in the Real World

Learning Objectives

Overview

Learning and Advertising: Consumer Research

Advertising

Evoking Emotions Using Advertising

Theoretical Basis for Emotional Conditioning Through Advertisements

Background Music in Advertising

Musical Congruence With Brand

Celebrities in Advertising

Text Versus Visual Components in an Advertisement

Ad Placement

Product Perception

Store Atmospherics

Learning and Education: Classroom Management

Learning and the Workplace: Employee Training

Learning and Aggression: Violence and Media

Experiments on Aggressive Imitation

Numbing Effect

Some Perspective

Memory and the Law: Eyewitness Memory

Chapter Summary

Review Questions

Key Terms

Further Resources

References

Index

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